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Questions and Answers
The procedures for culturing a microorganism require the use of a microscope.
True
Some microbes are not capable of growing on artificial media as pure cultures.
True
Mixed cultures are also referred to as contaminated cultures.
False
Bacterial cultures are easily identified from their microscopic appearance.
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A medium that is gel-like has less agar in it compared to a solid medium.
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A selective medium contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth of some microbes to facilitate the growth of other desired microbes.
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The bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another is called refraction.
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A differential interference contrast microscope uses dyes to give colored, three-dimensional images.
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Following a properly performed Gram stain, gram-positive bacteria will appear as pink or red cells.
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A microbiologist inoculates Staphylococcus aureus into a culture medium. Following incubation, both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are determined to be growing in this culture. What is the most likely explanation?
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The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually-transmitted infection gonorrhea. Although it can be isolated from the vagina, there are numerous normal biota in that location as well. To generate a pure culture of this pathogenic bacterium, the best choice is a/an ____.
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The term that refers to the purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is ______.
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Which of the following is not an inoculating tool?
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Which type of medium would be the best choice when shipping a sample of bacteria from a clinic to a laboratory for testing?
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Which type of microscopy transforms the subtle variations in cell density into differences in light intensity, allowing for increased internal detail without staining?
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Who invented the first crude microscope by grinding glass?
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A nutrient medium that contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically defined is termed ______.
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Which type of medium distinguishes different types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the colonies or in the medium?
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Which of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except?
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Magnetosomes are?
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Which of the following bacterial structures is incorrectly matched with a function?
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All bacterial cells have?
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The site for ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is the?
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Which term refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface?
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The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called?
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Which of the following properties are shared by both bacteria and archaea?
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The eukaryotic cell membrane is a bilayer of sterols.
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All fungi can form hyphae.
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A bacterial cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is?
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What term refers to the enzyme that can hydrolyze the bonds in peptidoglycan?
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A scanning confocal microscope ______.
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Which type of microscope does not use light in forming the specimen image?
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Which type of microscope achieves the greatest resolution and highest magnification?
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The purpose of staining cells on a microscope slide is to ______.
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The Gram staining procedure is best described as a ______ staining technique.
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What do the Gram stain, the acid-fast stain, and the endospore stain have in common?
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Basic dyes are ______.
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A microbiologist makes a fixed smear of bacterial cells and stains it with methylene blue. All cells appear blue under the oil immersion lens. This is an example of ______.
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If you observe rod-shaped, pink cells on a slide that had just been Gram stained, you can assume that their cell envelope contains endotoxin.
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Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.
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Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body, germinate, and cause an infectious disease.
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Boiling water (100°C) can normally destroy endospores.
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Some bacteria have a cytoskeleton of sterols to help maintain their shape.
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What is the identity of the structure detected by chemical analysis in a bacterial cell that indicates it's an endospore?
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Endospores are ______.
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The presence of these endosymbiotic bacteria provided a cell with the advantage of ______.
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The endosymbiotic theory has been developed to explain the emergence of ______.
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Biologists have found evidence that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic organisms by a process of intracellular ______.
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Select that statement that reflects evidence that directly supports the endosymbiotic theory.
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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
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Protists include ______.
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Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacterial cells?
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You are observing an organism under the microscope and you note that it has a cell wall, no chloroplasts, and a nucleus. Your prediction would be that this organism is a/an ______.
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You are observing an organism under the microscope, and it is clearly multicellular with no cell walls. Your prediction is that this organism is a/an ______.
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Eukaryotic flagella differ from bacterial flagella because only eukaryotic flagella ______.
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Cilia are exhibited by certain ______.
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There are nine peripheral pairs and one central pair of _____ found inside eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
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As part of their reproductive cycle, helminths produce egg and sperm cells. Both of these eukaryotic cell types have an outer surface composed of polysaccharides known as the ______.
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The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell is ______.
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Which of the following is not a function of the eukaryotic glycocalyx?
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Which of the following organisms has a cell wall?
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Cell walls are not typically possessed by ______.
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Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of ______.
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The cell membranes of bacteria and eukaryotes are quite similar, differing only in ______.
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The eukaryotic cell membrane is composed of ______.
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The site for ribosomal RNA synthesis is the ______.
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When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and its associated proteins appear as a visible, thread-like mass called ______.
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Histones are ______.
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The passageways in the nuclear envelope for movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm are called nuclear ______.
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In eukaryotic cells, which of the following organelles contain DNA?
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Which organelle is found in algae but not in protozoa or fungi?
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Chloroplasts are composed of membranous sacs called ______ that carry chlorophyll. Surrounding these sacs is a ground substance called ______.
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Pfiesteria is a/an ______ that produces a toxin harmful to humans.
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A hypothesis must be tested many times before it can be considered a theory.
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Many chronic medical conditions have been found to be associated with microbial agents.
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All bacteria and archaea are microorganisms, but only some eukaryotes are microorganisms.
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The scientific method involves formulating a tentative explanation, called the hypothesis, to account for what has been observed or measured.
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Members of the same species share many more characteristics compared to those shared by members of the same kingdom.
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The names of the three proposed domains are: Bacteria, Protista, and Eukarya.
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Microorganisms are best defined as organisms that ______.
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Which of the following are not considered microorganisms?
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Helminths are ______.
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Among these types of microorganisms, the ______ are noncellular.
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Studies of the immune response to an infection caused by microorganisms would be performed by a/an _______.
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Which of the following pairs of career descriptions and work tasks is not correctly matched?
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A scientist who studies the influence of microbes in the formation of caves is called a/an ______.
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Astrobiology is considered a sub-discipline of microbiology because ______.
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Which of the following does not indicate microbe involvement in energy and nutrient flow?
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The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called ______.
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The majority of oxygen in earth's atmosphere is a product of photosynthesis by ______.
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The three cell types discussed, eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria, all derived from ______.
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The first cells appeared about _____ billion years ago.
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Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual structural and functional changes over long periods of time?
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When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called ______.
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Which activity is an example of biotechnology?
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Which of the following is a traditional human use of microorganisms?
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Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of ______.
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Disease-causing microorganisms are called ______.
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The number one worldwide infectious diseases are ______.
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The incidence of deaths from communicable disease is ______ in the United States compared to the entire world.
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In which way are bacteria and eukaryotes the same?
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In which way are archaea and eukaryotes the same?
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Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?
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Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering?
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Eukaryotic cells are larger than bacterial or archaeal cells; all cells are larger than macromolecules. Where do viruses fit on this scale?
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In general, eukaryotic cells are about ______ times larger than bacterial or archaeal cells.
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Archaeal cells are about ______ bacterial cells.
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Which of the following historical microbiologists is incorrectly paired with his contribution to the science?
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In the experiments constructed by Pasteur to disprove spontaneous generation, swan-necked flasks were used. Why was this shape of flask used in this experiment?
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Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that ______.
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Which of the following is NOT a recent discovery that has had a huge impact on the understanding of microbiology?
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The sum total of all the microbes in a certain environment is termed the ______.
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Which of the following is not a process in the scientific method?
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Experimentation ______.
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The scientific method includes all of the following except ______.
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Caring for patients infected with a new virus requires safety precautions for medical personnel. Choosing appropriate procedures is an example of a/an ______ process.
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Sterile is best described as ______.
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Taxonomy does not involve ______.
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Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms?
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The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa is called ______.
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Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?
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The smallest and most significant taxon is a ______.
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Select the correct descending taxonomic hierarchy (left to right).
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A mnemonic for remembering the taxonomic levels from Domain to Species is 'Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup.' The word 'came' here is a reminder of the taxonomic level of ______.
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Which of the following is a scientific name?
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When assigning a scientific name to an organism, _______.
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Which scientific name is written correctly?
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A diagram of the three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) proceeding from the Last Common Ancestor would show Archaea _______.
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Analysis of the small subunit rRNAs from all organisms in the three current domains suggests that _______.
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The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called ______.
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A scientist studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species is working on _______.
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Trees of life that illustrate the phylogenetic relationships of all organisms were traditionally based on ______; newer methods for determining phylogeny rely on ______.
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Electrons that participate in chemical bonding are typically located closest to the nucleus.
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Water molecules are nonpolar molecules.
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Polar molecules have more reactivity compared to nonpolar molecules.
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A covalent bond is formed between an anion and a cation.
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The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of solvent present.
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If solution A has a lower pH compared to solution B, then solution A is more acidic than solution B.
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The only part of an amino acid that differs from other amino acids is its R group.
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All proteins are enzymes.
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Nucleic acids have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of organization.
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What is the most important outcome of polypeptide intrachain bonding and folding?
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A new organism was identified that contained arsenic in place of phosphate in its DNA double helix structure. Based upon this information alone, it can be determined that this change will greatly alter the information encoded by this genetic material.
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An atom has gained an electron; it has been ______.
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Anything that occupies space and has mass is called ______.
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The electrons of an atom are _______.
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All of the following pertain to the atom Carbon-14 except it _______.
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The subatomic particles that surround the nucleus are the ______.
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What is the maximum number of electrons in the second energy shell of an atom?
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What is the maximum number of electrons in the first energy shell of an atom?
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Protons and neutrons make up the atom's central core, which is referred to as its ______.
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The valence number is the _______.
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Two or more atoms bonded together are called a(n) ______.
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What would be the valence number of electrons in the sulfur (S) atom? Its atomic number is 16.
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Polar molecules _______.
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Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other atoms.
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C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O represents _______.
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Substances that release ions when dissolved in water and conduct electricity are ______.
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A capillary tube is used to acquire a small blood sample for CBC (complete blood count) analysis. Suction is not required to transfer the blood from the fingertip prick to the tube in part due to _______.
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Polar molecules are composed of covalently bonded _______.
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Covalent bonds _______.
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Cations are _______.
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A reaction where an electron is lost is called ______.
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Ionic bonds _______.
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Hydrogen bonds _______.
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Atoms that gain or lose electrons become charged particles called ______.
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Which of the following represents a synthesis reaction?
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Which of the following represents a reversible reaction?
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Ionic compounds _______.
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The important solvent associated with living things is ______.
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In the cell cytoplasm, molecules of ATP are a ______.
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Burning coal produces sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. When combined with rain that falls into bodies of water, this leads to _______.
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Compared to a solution of pH 9, a solution of pH 7 ______.
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Compared to a solution of pH 9, a solution of pH 7 is ______.
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One technique for staining bacteria for viewing under the microscope is called the Gram stain. In this technique, alcohol is used as a decolorizer because it degrades the outer membrane found in some bacteria. What chemical component of the cell does alcohol affect?
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What type of bond is formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids?
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The purine ______ always hydrogen bonds with the pyrimidine ______ in double-stranded DNA.
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In what way would life be different if the element carbon was absent?
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A student forgot to label a beaker containing a DNA solution and a beaker containing a glucose solution. If chemical analysis was performed to identify the contents of each beaker, which of the following would be found in the beaker of DNA but not in the beaker with glucose?
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Which of the following functional groups is mismatched to the organic compound in which it is typically found?
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Most biochemical macromolecules are polymers, which are chains of ______.
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All of the following are monosaccharides except ______.
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Which of the following would have glycosidic bonds?
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Starch is the primary storage food for all of the following except ______.
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Select the statement that most accurately reflects the process of plant material digestion in humans.
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All of the following are lipids except ______.
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What part of a phospholipid comprises the hydrophobic tail?
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A fat is called _______ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens.
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The building blocks of an enzyme are ______.
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An amino acid contains all of the following except a/an ______.
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An example of an amphipathic molecule found in living cells is ______.
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The lipid group that serves as energy storage molecules is the ______.
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All of the following are polysaccharides except ______.
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The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the ______.
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Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding protein structure?
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Which of the following is not true about enzymes?
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The alpha (α) helix is a type of _____ protein structure.
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ATP differs from the nucleotides found in DNA in the _______.
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One nucleotide contains one _______.
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Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of all ______.
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Which of the following is not a pyrimidine?
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Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA?
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Which of the following is a correct description of a component of the ATP molecule?
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ATP is best described as _______.
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A culture of an organism believed to cause intestinal symptoms is viewed under the microscope, and the microbiologist observes a cell membrane, flagella, mitochondria, and some dark unrecognizable structures within each cell. The microbiologist notes that the cells are eukaryotic because _______.
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NASA has published a list of criteria for identifying fossil bacteria in samples from Mars, as part of a search for evidence of life. Which of the following is good evidence for the presence of bacterial cells?
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Characteristics shared by all cells include _______.
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All cells contain _______.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding differential media?
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An example of a medium that is both selective and differential is:
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The specimen preparation that is best for viewing cell motility is the:
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Which of the following is not an optical microscope?
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What is the primary purpose of staining cells on a microscope slide?
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A pure culture contains:
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Which type of media would be the best choice when shipping a sample of bacteria to a laboratory?
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Basic dyes are characterized by their:
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What substances primarily characterize a reducing medium?
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Which medium is specifically designed to assess bacterial motility?
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When a microscope boasts a resolving power of 0.2 µm, what does this indicate?
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What type of microscope allows for the observation of brightly illuminated specimens against a black background?
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For effective focusing under a microscope, which initial approach is recommended?
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Which type of microscopy allows the viewer to observe a specimen in three dimensions?
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What term describes the intentional introduction of microorganisms into a nutrient medium?
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What is referred to as a nutrient medium containing at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable?
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What is the primary purpose of a differential stain?
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Which of the following statements about selective media is incorrect?
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In microbiology, what best explains why both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis grew in a culture medium inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus?
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Bacteria that reproduce by dividing in multiple planes and form clusters resembling grapes are known as:
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Which method is considered most effective for isolating pure cultures from mixed cultures?
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Which media type is utilized for differentiating various bacterial species based on their colony morphology?
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What is the primary use of the spread plating technique?
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What component in a light microscope increases the light intensity passing through the specimen?
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Which microscope utilizes two sets of lenses to magnify a specimen?
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Which organism type requires a living host for growth?
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Which microscope uses a probe to scan a specimen's surface?
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Which statement accurately describes electron microscopy?
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In dark-field microscopy, what is a primary application?
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What does the term 'culture' signify in microbiology?
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To view specimens that glow under ultraviolet light, which microscope would be used?