Microbiology Quiz on Typhus and Rocky Mountain Fever

Microbiology Final Exam Study Notes

• Airborne Pathogens: Droplets of 10mm typically contain 1-2 organisms. A sneeze can produce 10,000-100,000 droplets. Droplets are expelled during talking and coughing in addition to sneezing.

Pathogens in the Air

• Gram-positive bacteria and viruses survive best in the air.

Streptococcal Diseases

• Two main classes:
  • S. pyogenes
  • S. pneumoniae
• S. pyogenes exhibits beta hemolysis, meaning it fully lyses red blood cells.

S. pyogenes Strains

• Over 60 strains exist.

S. pyogenes Diseases

• Strep throat, impetigo, rheumatic fever, strep TSS, scarlet fever, and necrotizing fasciitis.

S. pneumoniae

• Encapsulated forms are pathogenic.

S. pneumoniae Serotypes

• Over 90 serotypes exist.

Group A Streptococci (GAS)

• Another name for S. pyogenes.

GAS Virulence Factors

• Lancefield group A
• Surface M protein
• Hyaluronidase
• Streptokinase
• Streptolysin O and S
• Superantigens

Superantigen-Induced Reactions

• Systemic reactions
• Shock symptoms
• Scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

Strep Throat

• Caused by S. pyogenes
• Symptoms: Severe sore throat, enlarged tonsils, tonsillar exudate.
• Typically treated with antibiotics.

Strep Tests

• Rapid ELISA test
• Culture on blood agar plate (differential based on color change, not growth)
• Hemolysis test

Streptococcus Sequelae

• Conditions resulting from previous infection/injury (incomplete/no antibiotic treatment).
• Can result in rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, strep TSS, and glomerulonephritis/renal inflammation.
• Autoantibodies form

Rheumatic Fever

• M antigen is similar to antigens in the heart
• Autoantibodies are formed as a result of S. pyogenes infection.

Scarlet Fever

• A type of S. pyogenes sequelae.

Erysipelas (St. Anthony's Fire)

• Caused by S. pyogenes
• Symptoms: Raised, rubbery lesions.

Impetigo

• Caused by S. pyogenes or S. aureus.
• Skin infection.
• Treated with antibiotics.
• Can occur in conjunction with otitis media or mastitis.

Necrotizing Fasciitis

• Caused by S. pyogenes.
• Unique symptoms: Deep tissue infection.
• Often requires surgical removal and antibiotics.

Strep Treatments

• Penicillin, penicillin derivatives
• Erythromycin
• Other antibiotics
• Vaccine for S. pneumoniae for high-risk patients.

Diptheria

• Caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae.
• Characterized by pseudomembrane formation, myocarditis.
• Treatment involves toxoid vaccines and antibiotics, as well as antitoxins.
• Vaccine available

Corynebacterium diptheriae

• Gram-positive, club-shaped rods.
• Causes pseudomembrane formation.
• Associated with myocarditis (inflammation of the heart).
• Preventive vaccine is available.

Diphtheria Mechanism

• Infected cells lodge in the throat and tonsils.

MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)

• Contains attenuated viruses for protection.

Chickenpox

• Caused by Varicella zoster virus.
• Unique symptoms: Systemic rash
• Vaccine available.

Varicella Zoster Virus

• Herpes virus with latency in nerve cells
• Can cause shingles

How Chickenpox Spreads

• Airborne droplets and fomites (objects).
• Attenuated viruses with reduced virulence

Colds, SARS, and Influenza

• Caused by various viruses
• Treatable through symptom management and anti-viral treatments where applicable.

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

• Epidemic in Asia in 2003.
• Spread through close contact.
• Treated with antibiotics.

Influenza

• Spread through droplets.
• Symptoms range from mild, including fever and fatigue to severe.
• Most cases are self-limiting (resolve without treatment).
• No specific antiviral treatments or vaccines.

Influenza A Virus

• Segmented genome allows for reassortment
• Causes seasonal outbreaks
• Subject to antigenic drift and shift

Spanish Flu

• Avian and human strains mixed, causing a high infection rate.

Cytokine Storm

• Uncontrolled immune response following exposure to new/pathogenic invaders.

Flu Mitigation Strategies

• Surveillance of virus types
• Development of polyvalent vaccines

Direct Contact Diseases

• Infections spread through direct contact
• Examples include staphylococcus and related illnesses

Staphylococcus Aureus Virulence Factors

• 4 main factors:
  • 1. 4 hemolysins beta hemolytic
  • 2. coagulase
  • 3. leukocidin
  • 4. superantigens

Scalded Skin Syndrome

• Caused by S. aureus
• Symptoms: Toxin-induced skin blistering.

Sty

• Caused by S. aureus.
• Eyelid folliculitis.
• Treated with antibacterial ointments, moist heat, and drainage.

Furuncle (Boil)/Carbuncle

• Caused by S. aureus.
• Hair follicle inflammation.
• Treated with antibacterial ointments, moist heat, and drainage

MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus)

• Resistant to various antibiotics.
• Treated with specialized antibiotics.

Hepatitis

• Caused by various viruses.
• Range of symptoms, including jaundice and liver inflammation.
• Treated with antiviral treatments and potentially lifestyle modifications.

Hep A,B,C

• Different types of hepatitis viruses
• Different means of transmission
• Varying severity, with some requiring long-term care and/or antiviral treatment

Mononucleosis

• Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
• Symptoms: Sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes.
• Contact sports should be avoided.
• Self-limiting

Burkitt's Lymphoma

• Rare cancer of lymph tissue, often linked with Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Warts

• Caused by human papillomavirus.
• Skin lesions, often transmitted through abrasions.
• Vaccines available.

Gonorrhea

• Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
• Symptoms: Discharge of pus.
• Treated with antibiotics.

Gonorrhea Complications

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Infertility

Gonorrhea Transmission

• Attaches to cells in the G-U tract

Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)

• Caused by Chlamydia
• Difficult to detect due to its intracellular and asymptomatic nature.
• Treated with antibiotics.

Syphilis (The Pox)

• Caused by Treponema pallidum.
• Symptoms: Chancres (sores), rashes, damage to the heart and nervous system.
• Treatable using antibiotics.

Syphilis Spreads

• Body fluids including saliva.

Stages of Syphilis

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary

Congenital Syphilis

• Transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth.
• Treponema pallidum cross placenta causing the child to contract syphilis.

Other Bacterial STDs

• Chancroid, Ureaplasma and mycoplasma urethritis

Genital Herpes

• Caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2.
• Symptoms: Sores or blisters, typically in the genital area.

Neonatal Herpes

• Transmission of herpes during birth - treatable with antiviral medications

AIDS

• Caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus.
• Symptoms vary, but eventually involve increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

HIV Diagnosis

• ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) detects antibodies
• PCR detects viral RNA viral load

AIDS Treatment

• Multiple antiretrovirals (HAART) to slow disease progression
• No cure

AZT

• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
• Prevents DNA reproduction
• Anti-metabolites

NNRTIs (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors)

• Inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme.

Protease Inhibitors

• Prevent viral protein maturation by binding to HIV protease.

HIV/AIDS Aitiretroviral Drugs

• Nucleoside RT Inhibitors
• Non-Nucleoside RT Inhibitors
• Protease Inhibitors
• Fusion Inhibitors
• Integrase Inhibitors
• Entry Inhibitors

Rabies

• Caused by rhabdovirus, typically spread through animal bites.
• Symptoms can vary, but typically involve progressive neurological symptoms.

Rabies Reservoir

• Primarily animals, such as raccoons, skunks, and bats - in some regions domesticated animals are also reservoirs.

Rabies Virus Type

• Minus-sense ssRNA virus

Rabies Virus Mechanism

• Replication at the bite site and subsequent travel to the central nervous system, possibly resulting in death without immediate interventions.

Rabies Symptoms

• Initial symptoms are often vague, such as fever, headache, malaise and progressive to more significant signs and symptoms, eventually resulting in hydrophobia.

Rabies Incubation Period

• Varies; in animals 10–14 days, in humans may take months

Rabies Diagnosis

• Primarily conducted post-mortem through tissue or fluid examination

Rabies Treatment

• Anti-rabies antibodies (passive immunity) and vaccine administration (active immunity).

Rabies Prevention

• Vaccination of domestic animals.
• Vaccination of wild animals, where appropriate.
• Protecting individuals from animal bites.

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

• Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
• Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
• Ebola
• Marburg

Hantavirus Syndromes

• Acute respiratory and cardiac issues

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

• Caused by various strains
  • Symptoms: sudden onset fever, muscle pain, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, pulmonary capillary leakage.
  • Self-limiting in most cases, though it may lead to fatal outcomes.

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)

• Caused by a different strains
  • Symptoms include shock and kidney failure.
  • Result of rodent exposure (rodent droppings in areas)

Hantavirus Transmission

• Exposure to aerosols from rodent droppings, urine, or feces. Virus persists in these areas over long periods, therefore individuals engaging with these areas must exercise preventative measures.

Hantavirus Type

• Enveloped - minus ss RNA strand

Hantavirus Host

• Humans are accidental hosts

Hantavirus HPS Test

• ELISA for antibody presence, PCR for viral presence.

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Transmission

• Transmission through contact with virus infected primates (monkeys)
• No treatment or vaccine.

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms

• Can lead to fever, chills, rash, sore throat, headache, and/or nausea.

Ebola Virus Type

• Minus-sense RNA virus, filamentous (thread-like) structure.

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms

• Fever, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding, and internal/external fluid loss.

Ebola Treatments

• Blood plasma from recovered individuals

Ebola Reservoir

• Unknown at present but currently believed to be fruit bats

Arthropod Transmitted Bacterial Diseases

• Rickettsia
• Lyme disease
• Plague
• Vector: various insects

Rickettsial Diseases Categories

• Typhus
• Spotted fever
• Ehrlichiosis
• All three categories are bacterial diseases transmitted through various arthropod vectors.

Rickettsial Bacteria

• Small, gram-negative.
• Intracellular bacteria, typically in phagocytes (immunity cells).

Growing Rickettsial Bacteria

• Very difficult to culture in laboratory settings.

Rickettsia's Related Organelle

• Mitochondria

Rocky mountain spotted fever bacteria

• Rickettsia rickettsii

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Vector

• Bites from infected ticks - especially those from contaminated areas by feces.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Incubation

• 3–12 days

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Symptoms

• Fever, headache, and rash.
• Fever, severe headache, and rash across the entire body.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Treatment

• Tetracycline and/or chloramphenicol
• Both antibiotics.

Plague Bacteria

• Yersinia pestis.
• Gram-negative bacteria.
• Causes the plague

Plague Effect

• Lymph nodes -eventually systemic.

Plague Hosts

• Rodents and other mammals.
• Accidentally affects humans.

Plague Vector

• Fleas

Plague Prevalence

• Endemic to wildlife populations in some regions of the southwest U.S

6 Types of Arthropod Transmitted Viral Diseases

• West Nile
• Yellow fever
• Equine encephalitis.
• Dengue fever
• Chikungunya
• Zika.

West Nile Virus Type

• Positive-sense ssRNA virus

West Nile Vector

• Mosquitoes

West Nile Hosts

• Humans, horses, and other avian birds.

West Nile Presence

• Seasonal prevalence.

West Nile Symptoms

• Mild diseases are often seen, though occasionally severe complications can occur.
• Mild cases typically include a fever, headache, nausea.
• More severe cases may result in complications such as encephalitis.

West Nile Test

• ELISA for antibody presence, PCR for viral presence

West Nile Treatments

• NO treatment.

Yellow Fever Virus

• Positive-sense ssRNA virus

Yellow Fever Vector

• Aedes species mosquitoes

Yellow Fever Reservoir

• Monkeys

Yellow Fever Symptoms

• Fever, nausea, vomiting (black vomit), jaundice, and hemorrhagic fever.

Yellow Fever Treatments

• Typically self-limiting
• Vaccine available.

Viral Encephalitis

• Inflammation of the brain, typically caused by a range of different viruses.

Viral Encephalitis Vector

• Mosquitoes

Viral Encephalitis Hosts

• Various mammals; including horses

Viral Encephalitis Carriers

• Some diseases can be carried by additional animals to humans, as in the case of horses and birds.

Dengue Fever Symptoms

• High fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and/or rash.

Dengue Fever Virus

• Positive sense ssRNA virus

Dengue Fever Resolution

• Self-limiting

Dengue Fever Re-infection

• Second infection may cause more severe complications, including hemorrhagic fever.

Dengue Fever Vector

• Mosquitoes

Dengue Fever Reservoirs

• Unknown, though birds and monkeys are known vectors in the case of some other viral diseases, for instance, Zika.

Dengue Fever Test

• ELISA for antibody presence

Chikungunya Virus 5 symptoms

• Fever, joint pain, rash, muscle pain, and swelling

Chikungunya Treatment

• Mostly self-limiting; antibiotic treatments and possibly other supplemental medications are often used for symptom management.

Zika Virus Symptoms

• Symptoms are often mild; including Zika-like symptoms of fever, and or rashes that are often mild.

Zika Virus Spread

• Mosquito bite
• Sexual transmission
• Pregnancy and transmission in the fetus

Zika Carrier

• Infected mosquitoes, infected individuals, in some cases pregnancies, which may impact the resulting development and/or outcome for the fetus.

Zika Vector

• Aedes species mosquitoes.

4 Types of Arthropods

• Mosquitoes
• Flies
• Lice
• Mites

Malaria Etiology

• Parasites of the genus Plasmodium. - spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. Protozoa.

Malaria Diagnosis

• Identification of Plasmodium in blood smear

Malaria Treatment

• Quinine (chloroquine), primaquine, artemisinin.

Malaria Prevention

• Reduce mosquito habitat, use mosquito nets and/or repellents, prophylactic medications during travel to impacted areas.

Ancient Malaria Treatment

• Traditional methods, including using botanicals of the Chichona tree for instance.
• At the time, no widely accepted treatments for malaria.

Malaria and Sickle Cell

• The sickle cell's abnormality in red blood cells leads to difficulty in the parasite's ability to reproduce because it cannot attach to the abnormal red blood cells.

Malaria and G6PD

• People deficient in Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (a type of RBC enzyme involved in immune function) typically do not develop malaria, though, for example, people living in the western African region have been noted to have less risk of contracting malaria in comparison with other areas worldwide.

Malaria and MHC

• Some individuals have specific MHC (major histocompatibility complex) combinations causing difficulty for the parasite to invade

Leishmaniasis Name

• Caused by the protozoa, Leishmania.

Leishmaniasis Symptoms

• Lesions, often on the skin, and may affect the body as a whole.

Leishmaniasis Vector

• Sand flies

Leishmaniasis Treatment

• Medication

African Sleeping Sickness Cause

• Caused by Trypanosoma brucei.

African Sleeping Sickness Vector

• Tse-tse fly

African Sleeping Sickness Treatment

• Medication

African Sleeping Sickness Cycle

• Tsetse fly injects metacyclic trypomastigotes during blood meal
• Trypomastigotes transform and reproduce inside the fly.
• Transmitted through blood meal to second host or to another fly
• Reproduction of trypomastigotes occur in the blood stream, after which, they are transported to various parts of the host body (including the central nervous system)
• The trypomastigotes evolve into an infective stage in the saliva glands of the fly

Chagas Disease Cause

• Trypanosoma cruzi.

Chagas Disease Vector

• Reduviid bugs (kissing bugs)

Chagas Disease Symptoms

• Initially mild, later potentially fatal
  • progressive inflammation of the heart, and/or digestive tract.

Chagas Disease Treatment

• Effective drugs available for early treatment

Chagas Disease and Autoimmunity

• Autoimmune response related to trypanosoma antigen.
• Characterized by chronic lesions in the heart

Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis)

• Parasitic worms. Transmitted by mosquitos/blackflies.

Lymphatic Filariasis Development

• Mosquito bite transmits larval forms.
• Larvae develop into adult worms in lymphatic system.

Lymphatic Filariasis Treatment

• Anti-parasitic medications.

Loa Loa

• Caused by loa loa which is a worm.

Loaisis Symptoms

• Adult worms can migrate through the eye, skin and other tissues

River Blindness

• Caused by a worm transmitted through the bite of blackflies.

Soil-Borne Diseases Types

• yeast, molds/fungi

Soil-Borne Diseases Types of Fungal Diseases

• Hypersensitivity
• Mycotoxins
• Mycosis

Fungal Skin Diseases

• Candida albicans (thrush, vaginitis)
• Madura foot
• Related fungi

Other Fungal Infections

• Athlete's Foot
• Fungal eye infection (onchomycosis)
• Ringworm

Fungal Disease Treatments

• Topical and systemic anti-fungals

Fungal Cell Types

• Eukaryotic cells

Fungal Targets

• Unique sterol-ergesterol-azoles
• Bacterial cell wall and chitin
• Specific fungal structures

Tetanus Bacteria

• Clostridium tetani.
• Gram-positive bacterium.
• Forms endospores.

Tetanus Mechanism

• Enters the body through wound or puncture.
• Toxin blocks nerves that relax muscles
• Affects the central nervous system

Tetanus Prevention

• Vaccination

Tetanus treatment

• Antibiotics, and antitoxin

Most Common Source of Water Infection

• Potable water is not the cause of water infection as it is fit for consumption/drinking

Water Contamination causes

• Fecal contamination of water is a primary contributing source

Coliform Bacteria Qualities

• Facultative aerobic, gram-negative.
• Non-spore forming Rods.
• Ferment lactose with gas

Coliform Test

• Diagnostic test for water and/or food sources

Bacterial Traveler's Diarrhea

• Different causes including: E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, or Botulinom.
• Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Cholera Cause

• Vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative, curved rod bacteria.

Cholera Mechanism

• Fecal contamination of water (drinking) leads to contamination and subsequent infection.

Cholera Treatment

• Fluid replacement therapy and antibiotics are sometimes used if severe.

Cholera Prevention

• Avoidance of potentially contaminated water/food sources.

Legionnaires Disease

• Caused by Legionella pneumophila.
• Symptoms typically mild (fever, headache, muscle aching) to more severe, leading to pneumonia.

Legionnaires' Disease Spread

• Water aerosols from cooling towers/high-rise buildings.

Legionnaire's Disease Treatment

• antibiotics, supportive care (hydration, etc)

Typhoid Fever Bacteria

• Salmonella Typhi. Bacteria
• Contaminated Water

Typhoid Fever Mechanisms

• Bacteria multiplies in macrophages, invades intestinal mucosa.

Typhoid Fever Duration

• 4 weeks

Typhoid Fever Treatment

• Antibiotics, often IV, and vaccines

Giardiasis Cause

• Giardia intestinalis, protozoan.

Giardiasis Transmission

• Fecal-oral (via contaminated water)

Giardia Location

• Lakes, ponds, and streams, particularly in the U.S.

Giardia Size

• Trophozoite stage: 1.5 mm
• Cyst stage: 10-15 mm (microns)

Giardiasis Symptoms

• diarrhea, cramping

Giardiasis Mechanism

• Cysts attach to the intestinal wall

Giardiasis Treatment

• Medications

Cryptosporidiosis

• Caused by protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum.

Cryptosporidiosis Appearance

• Small cysts resistant to chlorine/UV - resistant.

Cryptosporidiosis Symptoms

• Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting

Amoebiasis Cause

• Entamoeba histolytica

Amoebiasis Spread

• Fecal-oral transmission of cysts.

Amoebiasis Location

• Primarily tropical areas.
• Transmitted through contaminated water.

Amoebiasis Treatment

• Medications

Naegleria Fowleri

• Brain-eating amoeba, found in warm water.

Naegleria Fowleri Mechanism

• Enters the nose, traverses the brain

Naegleria Fowleri Outbreaks

• Summer months when people are swimming in warm, shallow freshwater.

Schistosomiasis Cause

• Schistosoma - parasitic worm.

Schistomiasis Symptoms

• Inflammation, bloody urine.
• Bloody diarrhea after ingestion

Schistosomiasis Spread

• Humans wading or swimming in water with the parasites

Guinea Worm

• Caused by a parasitic worm.

Copepod Size

• 1-2 mm.

Copepods

• Often found in water; also known as water fleas

Food Preservation Methods

• Cold preservation
• Pickling/acidic pH and high salt
• Drying
• Heating
• Ionizing radiation

Microbial Growth in Food

• Bacteria follow the exponential growth pattern
• Temperatures/conditions greatly influence bacterial growth rates

Food Poisoning

• Contamination from a range of microbial sources
• Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping.

Microbial Sampling Methods

• Immunoassays
• PCR
• Molecular biology-related tests

5 Most Common Food Borne Illnesses

• Escherichia coli O157:H7
• Salmonella
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Clostridium Perfringes
• Bacillus cereus

Stomacher

• Used to blend and mix foods and/or tissues together for microbial sampling.

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Cause

• Staphylococcus aureus toxins
• Heat stable compounds.

Staphylococcus Food Poisoning Prevention

• Refrigeration

Staphylococcus Food Poisoning Symptoms

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Cramps

Staphylococcus Food Poisoning Treatment

• Self-resolving; supportive care.

Clostridium Food Poisoning

• C. perfringes, C. botulinum - food intoxication

C. Perfringen vs. C. botulinum

• C. perfringes causes diarrhea and cramping
• C. botulinum causes vomiting, nausea, and neurological symptoms.

Clostridium Botulinum

• Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium.
• Often associated with rare but severe foodborne illness - often fatal.
• Food linked outbreaks

Botulism Symptoms

• Progressive neurological symptoms
  • Vomiting/diarrhea, muscle paralysis (flaccid paralysis

Botulism Treatment

• Antitoxin (pre-formed antibodies from horses)

Salmonellosis

• Foodborne infection caused by Salmonella Typhimurium or other similar bacteria.
  • Symptoms: fever, vomiting, diarrhea.
  • Treatment: Antibiotic if severe.
  • Contamination: associated with handling or consuming undercooked food, livestock exposure.

Campylobacter jejuni

• food borne bacterial infection common in birds

Campylobacter jejuni Symptoms

• Symptoms: fever, diarrhea.

Campylobacter jejuni Treatment

• Antibiotics

E. coli Food Infection

• E.coli
• Symptoms: bloody diarrhea.

E. coli O157:H7 Discovery

• 1982 outbreak associated with undercooked meat

E. coli Treatment

• Treatment typically focuses on replenishing lost fluids.

Listeria

• Cold cuts
• Unpasteurized foods - contaminated food
• Symptoms: fever, diarrhea, muscle aches

Listeria Treatment

• Antibiotic treatment

Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)

• Caused by Shigella species.
• Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps.

Shigellosis Spread

• Person-to-person contact, food contamination

Shigellosis Outbreaks

• Common in crowded living conditions.

Shigellosis Treatment

• Antibiotic, fluids and electrolytes to aid in rehydration

Norovirus

• Virus causing foodborne infection.
• Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

Toxoplasmosis

• Parasite Toxoplasma gondii, often acquired from cats or via undercooked meat (specifically pork)

Toxoplasmosis Spread

• Typically involves ingesting contaminated food.
• Cat feces are a primary source (handling or gardening)

Toxoplasmosis Symptoms

• Often mild to self-limiting, though in certain circumstances, the infection can be severe

Toxoplasmosis and Pregnancy

• Can lead to complications in pregnant women..

Tapeworms

• Caused by parasitic worms
• Symptoms: malnutrition, intestinal blockage

Roundworms

• Common parasitic roundworm often associated with foodborne illness that can affect the intestinal tract

Trichinosis

• Foodborne illness caused by consuming undercooked meat containing encysted worms.

Industrial Microbiology

• Microbes used in various commercial processes

Biofuels

• Substances produced from biomass that can be used as fuel (substitutes).

Biomedicine

• Using naturally occurring or genetically engineered microbes to create substances that address potentially harmful substances in the environment or in medicine.

Microbial Growth in Food

• Follows exponential growth patterns related to the specific types of bacteria

Beer Making Process

• Malting, mashing, wort production, adding hops, and fermentation with yeast for a final product.

Wine Making Process

• Crushing grapes, creating wort, adding sugar/yeast, and/or fermentation leading to the final product.
• Bottled for later consumption.

DNA Manipulation Tools

• Restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase.

Recombinant DNA Technology

• Technique enabling the production of genetically identical progeny

Herbicide Resistance/Genetic Modification

• Genetic modification of crops, making them resistant to herbicides
• Often associated with the use of genetically modified crops resistant to herbicides.

Insect Resistance/Genetic Modification

• Genetic modification of crops to be resistant to insect damage.

Somatotropin (Growth Hormone)

• Growth hormone produced by and regulated in animals to affect growth and development. - Can increase production via microbial methods.