Microbiology Quiz: Heterocysts and Spores

<p>Respiration rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes spore core hydration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lethal factor (LF) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DPA release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pXO1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It protects the cell from phagocytosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhl system (A), Las system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves multicellular development via directed growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myxospores are less resistant than vegetative cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unicellular and cell-cycle independent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To analyze gene expression profiles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L-Alanine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of optical density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrient-gated ion channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Germination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulatory gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fixes atmospheric N2 to NH4+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They primarily use sunlight for energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inactivates the nitrogenase enzyme. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nostoc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell-cycle dependent growth and differentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts nitrogen compounds into glutamate and glutamine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can form heterocysts for nitrogen fixation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermal stability of the DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a waxy layer composed of mycolic acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asymmetrically by depositing new cell wall material at the tips. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activated latent bacteria instead of killing them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bacterium's resistance to decolorization by acid after staining. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is impermeable, helping in antibiotic resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contribute to the bacterium's staining characteristics and impermeability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A method used to predict the connections between genes and transcription factors (TFs) based on gene expression data and prior knowledge.

A network of interactions between genes and transcription factors that are known before running the network inference method.

Estimated levels of transcription factor activity, often inferred from gene expression data.

The process where a dormant bacterial spore transforms into a vegetative cell, allowing for growth and multiplication.

Specific molecules that trigger the germination process

Specialized proteins on the spore surface that bind to germinants and initiate the germination process.

The stage where the spore loses its optical density and prepares for growth.

A nutrient-gated ion channel that helps initiate spore germination.

A dormant, highly resistant form of bacteria that can survive harsh conditions and germinate when favorable conditions return.

The process by which bacterial spores return to their vegetative state.

A key virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis, it forms a capsule around the vegetative cell, protecting it from the immune system.

Toxic proteins produced by Bacillus anthracis that contribute to the disease's lethality. They consist of protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF).

A type of bioterrorism, where Bacillus anthracis is used as a weapon.

A specialized type of cell in cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3), essential for growth.

The process by which vegetative cells in cyanobacteria differentiate into heterocysts when nitrogen is limited.

The layer surrounding the heterocyst, composed of polysaccharides and glycolipids, acting as a barrier to oxygen.

This process describes the cooperation between vegetative cells and heterocysts in cyanobacteria, where heterocysts provide fixed nitrogen, and vegetative cells provide carbohydrates.

A characteristic of heterocysts that involves an increased rate of respiration to consume oxygen, preventing its interference with nitrogen fixation.

A type of signaling system used by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa to regulate gene expression and control biofilm formation. It involves the production and detection of small molecules called quorum sensing autoinducers like AHL (acyl-homoserine lactone) and PQS (Pseudomonas quinolone signal).

A type of extracellular matrix produced by bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that helps form biofilms. It usually consists of exopolysaccharides, which are complex sugar molecules found outside of the cell.

A process where bacteria transition from a single-celled, independent lifestyle to a multicellular, organized community. This involves communication, differentiation, and coordinated gene expression, leading to the development of structures like biofilms or fruiting bodies.

A complex structure formed by Myxobacteria during their multicellular development. It consists of a mound of cells that can differentiate into myxospores, spores that are resistant to harsh conditions. The fruiting body is crucial for the survival and dispersal of Myxobacteria.

Specialized spores formed by Myxobacteria within fruiting bodies. These spores are more resistant to harsh conditions than vegetative cells, but less resistant than endospores. They are essential for the bacterium's survival and dispersal.

Photosynthetic bacteria that produce carbohydrates and oxygen using sunlight as an energy source and water as a reductant.

The process by which cyanobacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH4+), which is essential for their growth and development.

The conversion of ammonia (NH4+) into glutamate and glutamine, crucial for the synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids.

A type of cyanobacteria that can utilize ammonium, nitrate, or atmospheric nitrogen as a nitrogen source.

The ability of some organisms to form specialized cells or structures, allowing for different functions and responses to environmental changes.

A type of cell differentiation in Caulobacter, where a motile "swarmer" cell differentiates into a stalked cell, allowing it to attach to surfaces and replicate.

The process by which Myxobacteria form multicellular fruiting bodies, allowing them to survive harsh conditions by aggregating and producing spores.

The process of sporulation in Streptomycetes, where they form multicellular spores, enabling them to disperse and survive in different environments.

A special type of stain used to identify bacteria with a unique waxy outer layer.

Long-chain fatty acids that give mycobacteria their unique waxy outer layer.

The process of cell division where a new cell wall is deposited asymmetrically at the ends of the bacteria.

The waxy outer layer of mycobacteria, made up of mycolic acids.

A protein extract from Mycobacterium tuberculosis that was initially thought to be a cure for tuberculosis.

The ability of mycobacteria to withstand harsh conditions, such as antibiotics and harsh chemicals, due to their waxy outer layer.

The process of mycobacteria introducing new cell wall material at their tips during growth.

The unique cell structure of mycobacteria, characterized by a cell wall with an inner membrane and a waxy outer layer.