Questions and Answers
What is the term for the abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally?
Disease
What type of microbiota may be present for days, weeks, or months?
Transient microbiota
What is the study of the cause of a disease?
Etiology
What is the term for the relationship between normal microbiota and the host?
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What is the term for the colonization of the body by pathogens?
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What is the term for an infection that is limited to a small area of the body?
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What is the study of the development of disease?
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What is the term for the growth of bacteria in the blood?
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What is a factor that can make the body more susceptible to disease?
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What is the term for an opportunistic infection that occurs after a primary infection?
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What is the term for a disease that shows no noticeable signs or symptoms?
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What is the term for a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes or their toxins?
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What is the term for continual sources of infection?
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Which of the following is an example of a direct transmission of disease?
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What is the term for the spread of disease through an inanimate reservoir, such as food or water?
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Which of the following is an example of biological transmission by a vector?
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What is the term for diseases acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a compromised host?
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Who is credited with mapping the occurrence of cholera in London in 1848-1849?
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What type of epidemiology involves the collection and analysis of data?
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What is the term for the incidence of a specific notifiable disease?
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Who demonstrated the importance of handwashing in reducing the incidence of puerperal fever?
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What is the purpose of case reporting in epidemiology?
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What is the term for the number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time?
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What percentage of hospital patients are affected by nosocomial infections?
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Which of the following bacteria is most commonly resistant to antibiotics?
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What type of MRSA strain is most commonly found in community-acquired infections?
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What is the main reason why the patient in the Q&A scenario developed pneumonia after surgery?
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What is the percentage of health care strains of MRSA that are USA100?
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What is the purpose of the animation 'Nosocomial Infections: Prevention'?
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Study Notes
Reservoirs of Infection
- Human carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases, examples include AIDS and gonorrhea
- Animal carriers, such as rabies and Lyme disease, can transmit zoonoses to humans
- Nonliving reservoirs, such as soil, can harbor diseases like botulism and tetanus
Transmission of Disease
- Contact transmission requires close association between infected and susceptible hosts
- Indirect transmission occurs through fomites
- Droplet transmission occurs via airborne droplets
Vehicle Transmission
- Transmission occurs through an inanimate reservoir, such as food, water, or air
Vectors
- Arthropods, like fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes, transmit disease through mechanical transmission (carrying pathogens on their feet) or biological transmission (reproducing pathogens in their bodies)
Nosocomial Infections
- Nosocomial infections are hospital-acquired infections, affecting 5-15% of hospital patients
- Common causes of nosocomial infections include coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus, enterococci, gram-negative rods, and C. difficile
- MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) is a major cause of nosocomial infections, with USA100 being the most prevalent healthcare strain and USA300 being the most prevalent community-acquired strain
Prevention of Nosocomial Infections
- Handwashing, improved sanitation, and controlled experiments can help prevent nosocomial infections
Epidemiology
- Descriptive epidemiology involves collecting and analyzing data
- Analytical epidemiology involves comparing a diseased group with a healthy group
- Experimental epidemiology involves controlled experiments
- Epidemiology is used to track and control disease outbreaks, with the CDC monitoring and reporting notifiable diseases
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