Plasmodium
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following species of Plasmodium are known to infect humans?

  • P.falciparum, P.vivax, P.malariae, and P.ovale (correct)
  • P.falciparum, P.vivax, and P.malariae
  • Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and P.falciparum
  • P.malariae, P.ovale, and Cryptosporidium

    • What is the infective form of the malaria parasite that is introduced into the human blood through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito?

  • Gametocyte
  • Sporozoite (correct)
  • Merozoite
  • Sporoblast

    • What is the phylum of Plasmodium species?

  • Sporozoa
  • Arthropoda
  • Protozoa
  • Apicomplexa (correct)

    • What is the definitive host of the malaria parasite?

    <p>Female Anopheles mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of the life cycle of Plasmodium where the sporozoites enter into liver parenchyma cells?

    <p>Primary exo-erythrocytic or pre-erythrocytic schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infections are caused by P.vivax and P.falciparum?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the sporozoites before they transform inside the liver cells?

    <p>Elongated, spindle-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the pre-erythrocytic schizogony cycle, what happens to the liver cell after the cycle is complete?

    <p>It ruptures, releasing merozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Plasmodium species differs from others in that developing erythrocytic schizonts aggregate in the capillaries of the brain and other internal organs?

    <p>P.falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During erythrocytic schizogony, what is the stage of the parasite that appears as a ring shape?

    <p>Trophozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which merozoites develop into male and female gametocytes within red blood cells?

    <p>Gametogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the pre-erythrocytic schizogony cycle of P.ovale take?

    <p>9 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of gametocytes of P. falciparum?

    <p>Elongated or crescent-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can the half-life of mature gametocytes in the bloodstream be?

    <p>2 or 3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the host carrying gametocytes?

    <p>Carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hypnozoites being reactivated in the liver?

    <p>Relapse of malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Plasmodium species do not have a hypnozoite stage?

    <p>P. falciparum and P. malariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which microgametocytes form microgametes?

    <p>Exflagellation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the microgametes penetrating the macrogametes in Plasmodium fertilization?

    <p>Generation of zygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of erythrocytic infection in Plasmodium?

    <p>Symptoms develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasitized and non-parasitized RBCs on anemia?

    <p>Both parasitized and non-parasitized cells rupture and lyse, and also release dibers and toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Plasmodium species infects erythrocytes of all ages?

    <p>P.falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of P.falciparum-infected erythrocytes adhering to each other and to blood vessel linings?

    <p>Blockage of blood capillaries in vital areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do sporozoites go to the mosquito's salivary glands?

    <p>After the release of sporozoites from oocysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in diagnosing P.vivax due to its life cycle?

    <p>Its hypnozoite stage is undetectable with current diagnostic methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why bone marrow (BM) samples are needed for diagnosis of P.vivax?

    <p>P.vivax only infects immature red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for drug-resistant P.falciparum?

    <p>Quinine alone or with combination with other drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using antimosquito chemicals like DDT and Malathion?

    <p>To prevent the breeding of Anopheles mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of preventing exposure to mosquito bites?

    <p>Avoiding exposure to mosquito bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking chemoprophylaxis like Chloroquine and anti-folate drugs?

    <p>To prevent malaria transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in diagnosing Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>Low parasite density and unique life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using antimosquito chemicals like DDT and Malathion?

    <p>To prevent the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>Quinine alone or with combination with other drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are bone marrow (BM) samples needed for diagnosis of P.vivax?

    <p>To detect merozoites that only invade immature red blood cells (reticulocytes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the complex life cycle of P.vivax in diagnosis?

    <p>It makes diagnosis more challenging due to undetectable hypnozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of controlling malaria?

    <p>Community-based control methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of serology in diagnosing Plasmodium species?

    <p>Detecting antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking chemoprophylaxis in preventing malaria?

    <p>To prevent infection by Plasmodium species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of avoiding exposure to mosquito bites in controlling malaria?

    <p>It reduces the risk of infection by Plasmodium species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using antimosquito chemicals like DDT and Malathion?

    <p>A decrease in the mosquito population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plasmodium Protozoa

    • Belong to Phylum: Apicomplexa and Class: Sporozoa
    • Complex life cycle with sexual and asexual reproductive phases
    • Intracellular parasites, including Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and malarial parasites (Plasmodium species)

    Plasmodium Species (Blood Sporozoa)

    • Four species infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale
    • Vector-borne disease, with P. vivax and P. falciparum accounting for 95% of infections

    Life Cycle

    • Definitive host: female Anopheles mosquito
    • Human cycle: sporozoites introduced into human blood through mosquito bite
    • Life cycle stages:
      • Primary exo-erythrocytic or pre-erythrocytic schizogony
      • Erythrocytic schizogony
      • Gametogony
      • Secondary exo-erythrocytic or dormant schizogony

    Primary Exo-Erythrocytic or Pre-Erythrocytic Schizogony

    • Sporozoites enter liver parenchyma cells
    • Multiple nuclear divisions and cytoplasmic division
    • Develop into primary exo-erythrocytic schizont
    • Duration: 6-16 days, depending on species

    Erythrocytic Schizogony

    • Merozoites enter erythrocytes (specific receptors)
    • Multiply and initiate erythrocytic schizogony
    • Pass through trophozoites (ring stage), schizonts, and merozoites
    • Red cell rupture releases merozoites, which infect fresh red blood cells
    • Multiplication in RBCs leads to clinical attack of malaria

    Gametogony (Gametocytogenesis)

    • Merozoites develop into male (microgametocytes) and female gametocytes (macrogametocytes)
    • Mature gametocytes are round (P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale) or elongated/crescent-shaped (P. falciparum)
    • Host carrying gametocytes is known as carrier
    • Gametocytes' half-life in blood stream: 2-3 days

    Secondary Exo-Erythrocytic or Dormant Schizogony

    • Hypnozoite or sleeping form: resting stage of sporozoites in liver
    • Rounded, uni-nucleate, and dormant
    • Reactivates after 2 years, producing secondary exo-erythrocytic schizonts and merozoites, leading to relapse of malaria
    • P. falciparum and P. malariae: no hypnozoite, no relapse

    Pathogenicity and Symptoms

    • Erythrocytic infection develops symptoms, exo-erythrocytic has no symptoms
    • RBC destruction leads to anemia
    • P. vivax and P. ovale infect youngest erythrocytes, while P. malariae infects oldest
    • P. falciparum invades erythrocytes of all ages, producing extensive parasitemia and fatal infection
    • Symptoms include chills, fever, headache, muscular pain, malaise, nausea, vomiting, and increased pulse and respiration rates

    Diagnosis

    • Microscopy: thin and thick blood films
    • Immunochromatographic methods: detecting antigens in blood
    • Other methods: serology (detecting antibodies) and PCR
    • Challenges in diagnosis: low parasite density and complex life cycle

    Treatment and Control

    • Chloroquine and amodiaquine for treatment
    • P. falciparum: quinine or combination therapy for drug-resistant cases
    • Control measures:
      • Antimosquito chemicals (e.g., DDT, Malathion) to prevent Anopheles mosquito breeding
      • Avoiding exposure to mosquito bites
      • Chemoprophylaxis: Chloroquine and anti-folate drugs

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    Microbiology 13 - Plasmodium PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite that causes malaria. This quiz covers the different species of Plasmodium, their life cycle, pathogenicity, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It's a must-take for microbiology students and researchers!

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