Microbiology Overview and Fields
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Questions and Answers

Can a medium be classified as both selective and differential?

True

What is a reducing medium used for?

Grows anaerobic bacteria

What is the difference between a cell and a colony?

A cell is a unit of a colony; a colony consists of millions of cells.

Is a cell considered to be microscopic?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is a colony considered to be macroscopic?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of transport media?

<p>Maintains and preserves specimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assay media used for?

<p>Used to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is enumeration media used for?

<p>Used in industrial and environmental microbiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does carbohydrate fermentation media contain?

<p>Contains sugars and pH indicators to show fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the streak plate method of isolating bacteria.

<p>A small droplet of culture is spread over the medium's surface to separate cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mixed culture?

<p>Two or more species of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pure culture?

<p>Only one species of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a contaminated culture contain?

<p>Contains contaminants or intruders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a subculture used for?

<p>To make a second-level culture from a well-isolated colony</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are biochemical tests, genotypic tests, and immunologic tests used in culture identification?

<p>They determine properties based on chemical characteristics, DNA, and antibody reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are cultures disposed of after use?

<p>Through steam sterilization (autoclaving) or incineration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A microscope has a total magnification of 850x when using the oil immersion objective lens. What is the power of the ocular lens?

<p>8500</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is magnification?

<p>Total magnification = power of ocular lens x power of objective lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is microbiology?

<p>The specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 6 major groups of microorganisms are ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

<p>Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths, Fungi, Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do microbiologists study?

<p>Cell structure, Growth and Physiology, Genetics, Taxonomy and evolutionary history, Interactions with living and non-living environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 different branches of study in microbiology?

<p>Medical microbiology, Public Health microbiology and Epidemiology, Immunology, Industrial Microbiology, Agricultural Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is medical microbiology?

<p>Study of microbes as they relate to medicine, deals with microbes that cause disease in humans and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is public health microbiology and epidemiology?

<p>Monitor and control the spread of disease in communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is industrial microbiology?

<p>Use of microbes to manufacture important compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is agricultural microbiology?

<p>Deals with the relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is immunology?

<p>Studies the immune system's response to infections, vaccination, and allergies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is environmental microbiology?

<p>Studies the effects of microbes on the Earth's diverse habitats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'eu-kary' mean?

<p>True nucleus; cells with a nucleus are classified as eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pro-kary' mean?

<p>Pre-nucleus; bacteria and archaea do not have a nucleus and are classified as prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a microbe?

<p>A microorganism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are biology and microbiology different?

<p>Biology studies all life forms, while microbiology focuses specifically on smaller organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells do bacteria and archaea consist of?

<p>Prokaryotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells do helminths, fungi, protozoa, and algae consist of?

<p>Eukaryotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pathogen?

<p>A microorganism that has the potential to cause disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All microbes are pathogenic.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the top causes of infectious disease deaths in the U.S. versus worldwide?

<p>In the U.S: Influenza and pneumonia; Worldwide: HIV/AIDS and Diarrheal diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is decomposition?

<p>Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be recycled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms can proceed with decomposition?

<p>Bacteria and fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between synthetic and non-synthetic media?

<p>Synthetic media has precisely defined chemical compositions, non-synthetic contains complex materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medium allows multiple types of microbes to grow but shows visible color differences?

<p>Differential medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inoculation in microbiology?

<p>The purposeful addition of a specimen into/onto culture medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five I's of microbiology?

<p>Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbiology Overview

  • Microbiology studies organisms too small for the naked eye, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
  • Six major groups of microorganisms: Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths, Fungi, Viruses.

Fields of Microbiology

  • Medical Microbiology: Focuses on microbes causing diseases in humans and animals.
  • Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology: Monitors disease spread; key institutions include CDC and WHO.
  • Industrial Microbiology: Involves using microbes for manufacturing products like enzymes and drugs.
  • Agricultural Microbiology: Examines microbes' relationships with plants and animals, focusing on diseases and soil fertility.
  • Environmental Microbiology: Studies microbes in various ecosystems, including aquatic and soil environments.
  • Immunology: Investigates immune responses, including vaccination and allergy testing.

Cell Types

  • Eukaryotic Cells: True nucleus; includes organisms like fungi and protozoa.
  • Prokaryotic Cells: No nucleus; includes bacteria and archaea.

Microbial Functions

  • Microbes can photosynthesize (e.g., bacteria, algae) and decompose organic matter (e.g., bacteria, fungi).
  • Genetic engineering involves manipulating the genes of organisms for new products.

Microbial Diseases

  • Differentiates pathogens (disease-causing microbes) from non-pathogenic microbes.
  • Leading causes of infectious disease deaths include Influenza (U.S.) and HIV/AIDS (worldwide).

Historical Figures in Microbiology

  • Robert Hooke: First observations of microbes.
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: Invented the microscope.
  • Louis Pasteur: Founded concepts of fermentation and pasteurization; disproved spontaneous generation.
  • Robert Koch: Verified germ theory; associated specific pathogens with diseases using Koch's postulates.

Scientific Method

  • Involves observation, research, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, observation of outcomes, and theory development.

Taxonomy

  • Science of classifying organisms into a hierarchical structure: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
  • Nomenclature assigns scientific names, while classification arranges organisms systematically.

Isolation Techniques

  • The Five I's: Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification.
  • Isolation produces separate colonies from a single cell.

Culture Media Types

  • Liquid Media: Test tubes; used for growth in broth form.
  • Semi-Solid Media: Determines bacterial motility.
  • Solid Media: Provides a surface for colony forming.

Culture Medium Characteristics

  • Agar is a solidifying agent, liquefying at 100°C, derived from red marine algae.
  • Media can be synthetic (defined chemical composition) or non-synthetic (complex and variable).

Microbial Growth Conditions

  • Media can be general purpose, enriched, selective, or differential based on their supportive capacities for different organisms.

Miscellaneous Terms

  • Transport Media: Preserves specimens.
  • Assay Media: Tests antimicrobial effectiveness.
  • Enumeration Media: Used in environmental and industrial microbiology.
  • Carbohydrate Fermentation Media: Contains sugars and indicators for fermentation observation.

Evolutionary Concepts

  • Evolution refers to organisms' adaptations to their environments over time.

Microbial Sizes and Definitions

  • A cell is microscopic; a colony, composed of millions of cells, is macroscopic.
  • Viruses are non-cellular infectious particles requiring host cells for replication.### Culture Techniques
  • Streak Plate Technique: Involves spreading a small droplet of culture over a medium with an inoculating loop to spatially separate cells.
  • Loop Dilution Method: Inoculates a series of liquid agar tubes serially to dilute bacterial concentration in each tube.
  • Spread Plate Method: A small volume of diluted sample is pipetted onto the medium's surface and evenly spread with a sterile tool.

Culture Definitions

  • Mixed Culture: Comprises two or more species of bacteria.
  • Pure Culture: Contains only one species of bacteria, ensuring uniformity for study.
  • Contaminated Culture: Contains unwanted contaminants or intruders, risking the integrity of the sample.

Subculturing

  • Subculture Purpose: Used to create a secondary culture from an isolated colony, aiding in the production of a pure culture.

Testing for Culture Identification

  • Biochemical Tests: Analyze nutrient needs, by-products of growth, enzyme presence, and energy derivation mechanisms.
  • Genotypic Testing: Identifies microbes via their DNA characteristics.
  • Immunologic Testing: Examines isolates using known antibodies to confirm identity.

Culture Disposal Methods

  • Cultures are typically disposed of through stream sterilization (autoclaving) or incineration to effectively eliminate microorganisms.

Microscopy

  • A microscope using an oil immersion lens can achieve a total magnification of 850x, with the ocular lens power calculated as 8500.

Magnification Formula

  • Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective lens.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of microbiology, including the types of microorganisms and their various fields such as medical and environmental microbiology. Test your knowledge on the roles of these microbes and their impact on health and industry. Understanding these concepts is crucial for anyone studying life sciences.

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