Microbiology of Infant Botulism and Tetanus
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Questions and Answers

What type of bacteria is often involved in Gram-Negative Sepsis?

  • Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis
  • Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (correct)
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Streptococcus agalactiae

    • What is the effect of antibiotics on Gram-Negative Sepsis?

  • They prevent the infection
  • They cure the infection
  • They worsen the condition (correct)
  • They have no effect

    • What is the primary treatment for Gram-Negative Sepsis?

  • Surgical intervention
  • Neutralizing LPS components and inflammatory-causing cytokines (correct)
  • Supportive care
  • Administering antibiotics

    • Which bacteria are known to cause neonatal sepsis?

    <p>Streptococcus agalactiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Puerperal Sepsis also known as?

    <p>Puerperal fever and childbirth fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Puerperal Sepsis?

    <p>Transmitted to the mother during childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of Streptococcal infection?

    <p>Rheumatic Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of M protein in Streptococcal infection?

    <p>It is involved in the pathogenesis of Streptococcal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary danger of Toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Stillbirth and neurological damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Streptokinases?

    <p>Lysing clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of the sexual phase of Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Cat intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Dengue fever?

    <p>Asymptomatic to severe bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ciliary escalator in the respiratory system?

    <p>Removing pathogens from the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Streptococcal pharyngitis?

    <p>Resistant to phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of P-fimbriae binding to receptors of uroepithelial cells?

    <p>Acute inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main way to prevent sexually transmitted infections?

    <p>Condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of the initial infection of Toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes?

    <p>Dengue fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

    <p>Diplococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Opa proteins in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

    <p>To bind to T cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main complication of untreated gonorrhea in women?

    <p>Pelvic Inflammatory Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gonorrhea typically diagnosed?

    <p>Gram stain, ELISA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of IgA Protease in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

    <p>To break down IgA antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for gonorrhea?

    <p>Ceftriaxone and azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Tetanus?

    <p>Through deep wounds with anaerobic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

    <p>Listeriosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Leprosy?

    <p>Through prolonged contact with an infected person or inhalation of secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by the rabies virus?

    <p>Rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of African Trypanosomiasis?

    <p>Through insect vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by Naegleria fowleri?

    <p>Amebic Meningoencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by prions?

    <p>Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>Botulism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the endocardium?

    <p>Endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural inhibitor of Gardnerella vaginalis?

    <p>Lactobacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Gardnerella vaginalis adheres to vaginal epithelial cells?

    <p>Adhesins on the surface of the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common predisposing factor for Candidiasis?

    <p>Antibiotic use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the discharge seen in Vulvovaginal candidiasis?

    <p>Thick, white, and yeasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Trichomoniasis?

    <p>Metronidazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of diagnosis for Trichomoniasis?

    <p>Microscopic identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Vagina and urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical appearance of the discharge in Trichomoniasis?

    <p>Frothy, greenish-yellow, and foul-smelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Botulism

    • Caused by Clostridium botulinum
    • Associated with honey consumption
    • Can occur through wound botulism: growth of C. botulinum in wounds
    • Treatment involves respiratory assistance and antitoxins
    • Prevention: proper canning and use of nitrites in foods

    Tetanus

    • Caused by Clostridium tetani
    • Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
    • Grows in deep wounds with anaerobic conditions
    • Releases tetanospasmin neurotoxin, which enters the CNS and causes death from spasms of respiratory muscles
    • Prevented by vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTaP)
    • Booster required every 10 years
    • Fewer than 10 cases per year, with a mortality rate of 25-50%
    • Treatment involves tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and debridement of infected tissue

    Listeriosis

    • Caused by Listeria monocytogenes
    • Gram-positive rod
    • Usually foodborne and asymptomatic
    • Can cause meningitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals
    • Can invade the bloodstream, causing sepsis
    • Reproduces in phagocytes, spreading from cell to cell
    • Infects pregnant women, crossing the placenta and leading to stillbirth
    • Uses actin polymerization for bacterial movement

    Leprosy

    • Also known as Hansen's disease
    • Caused by Mycobacterium leprae
    • Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30°C
    • Generation time of 12 days
    • Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells
    • Survives macrophages and invades the myelin sheath
    • Transmission requires prolonged contact with an infected person or inhalation of secretions
    • Two forms: tuberculoid (neural) and lepromatous (progressive)
    • Diagnosed with skin biopsy or skin smear, blood test
    • Treatment involves antibiotics (Dapsone, Rifampin, and Clofazimine) for 6-24 months

    African Trypanosomiasis

    • Caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
    • Humans are the only reservoir
    • Transmitted from animals to humans by the tsetse fly
    • Distributed in West and Central Africa
    • Few early symptoms, followed by fever, headache, and CNS deterioration
    • Parasite evades antibodies through antigenic variation
    • Difficult to develop a vaccine
    • Treated with eflornithine, which crosses the blood-brain barrier
    • Prevention involves eliminating tsetse fly vectors

    Amebic Meningoencephalitis

    • Caused by Naegleria fowleri
    • Causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
    • Protozoan infects the nasal mucosa from swimming water, penetrates the brain, and feeds on brain tissues
    • 100% fatal

    Rabies

    • Caused by the rabies virus
    • Genus Lyssavirus, bullet-shaped, single-stranded RNA
    • Easily develops mutants
    • Usually transmitted by the saliva of an animal bite
    • Can also cross mucous membranes
    • Initial symptoms: muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx, hydrophobia
    • Virus multiplies in skeletal muscles, travels through the PNS to brain cells, causing encephalitis
    • Average incubation of 30-50 days
    • Forms Negri bodies in the brain stem
    • Two forms: furious (classical) and paralytic (dumb or numb)

    Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions

    • Prion: abnormally folded protein
    • Causes normal proteins in the brain tissue to become abnormally folded
    • Leads to spongiform degeneration, a chronic and fatal condition
    • Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)
    • Examples: sheep scrapie

    Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

    • Structure and function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
    • Cardiovascular system: circulates blood through the body's tissues
    • Lymphatic system: transports interstitial fluid, picks up microorganisms and infectious agents
    • Bacterial infections of the heart: endocarditis, pericarditis
    • Sepsis and septic shock: acute illness due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood
    • Lymphangitis: inflammation of the lymph vessels
    • Gram-negative sepsis: caused by E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Gram-positive sepsis: caused by S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis
    • Puerperal sepsis: caused by S. pyogenes, transmitted to the mother during childbirth
    • Rheumatic fever: autoimmune complication of S. pyogenes infection

    Toxoplasmosis

    • Caused by Toxoplasma gondii
    • Undergoes its sexual phase in cat intestines
    • Oocysts shed in cat feces
    • Contact with cat feces introduces oocysts to the intestines
    • Oocysts form trophozoites that invade cells, may become a chronic infection
    • Primary danger is congenital infection, which can cause stillbirth, neurological damage, and blindness

    Malaria

    • Caused by Plasmodium parasites
    • Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes
    • Four species: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale
    • Mosquito bite transmits sporozoite into the bloodstream
    • Enters liver cells, undergoes schizogony, and releases merozoites into the bloodstream
    • Merozoites infect RBCs, undergo schizogony, and rupture infected RBCs, releasing toxic compounds
    • Some merozoites develop into gametocytes, which are taken up by a mosquito, repeating the cycle

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    Description

    Learn about the causes and treatment of infant botulism and tetanus, including the role of intestinal microbiota and prevention methods.

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