Microbiology of Infant Botulism and Tetanus

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Questions and Answers

What type of bacteria is often involved in Gram-Negative Sepsis?

Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis

Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (correct)

Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus agalactiae

What is the effect of antibiotics on Gram-Negative Sepsis?

They prevent the infection

They cure the infection

They worsen the condition (correct)

They have no effect

What is the primary treatment for Gram-Negative Sepsis?

Surgical intervention

Neutralizing LPS components and inflammatory-causing cytokines (correct)

Supportive care

Administering antibiotics

Which bacteria are known to cause neonatal sepsis?

Streptococcus agalactiae Signup and view all the answers

What is Puerperal Sepsis also known as?

Puerperal fever and childbirth fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Puerperal Sepsis?

Transmitted to the mother during childbirth Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of Streptococcal infection?

Rheumatic Fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of M protein in Streptococcal infection?

It is involved in the pathogenesis of Streptococcal infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary danger of Toxoplasmosis?

Stillbirth and neurological damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes?

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Streptokinases?

Lysing clots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by Plasmodium vivax?

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of the sexual phase of Toxoplasma gondii?

Cat intestines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Dengue fever?

Asymptomatic to severe bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ciliary escalator in the respiratory system?

Removing pathogens from the trachea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Streptococcal pharyngitis?

Resistant to phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of P-fimbriae binding to receptors of uroepithelial cells?

Acute inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main way to prevent sexually transmitted infections?

Condoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of the initial infection of Toxoplasmosis?

Intestines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes?

Dengue fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Diplococcus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Opa proteins in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

To bind to T cell receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main complication of untreated gonorrhea in women?

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Signup and view all the answers

How is gonorrhea typically diagnosed?

Gram stain, ELISA Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of IgA Protease in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

To break down IgA antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for gonorrhea?

Ceftriaxone and azithromycin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Tetanus?

Through deep wounds with anaerobic conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

Listeriosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Leprosy?

Through prolonged contact with an infected person or inhalation of secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by the rabies virus?

Rabies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of African Trypanosomiasis?

Through insect vectors Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by Naegleria fowleri?

Amebic Meningoencephalitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by prions?

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by Clostridium botulinum?

Botulism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the endocardium?

Endocarditis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood?

Sepsis Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural inhibitor of Gardnerella vaginalis?

Lactobacillus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Gardnerella vaginalis adheres to vaginal epithelial cells?

Adhesins on the surface of the bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is a common predisposing factor for Candidiasis?

Antibiotic use Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the discharge seen in Vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Thick, white, and yeasty Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Trichomoniasis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of diagnosis for Trichomoniasis?

Microscopic identification Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Vagina and urethra Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical appearance of the discharge in Trichomoniasis?

Frothy, greenish-yellow, and foul-smelling Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Botulism

Caused by Clostridium botulinum
Associated with honey consumption
Can occur through wound botulism: growth of C. botulinum in wounds
Treatment involves respiratory assistance and antitoxins
Prevention: proper canning and use of nitrites in foods

Tetanus

Caused by Clostridium tetani
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Grows in deep wounds with anaerobic conditions
Releases tetanospasmin neurotoxin, which enters the CNS and causes death from spasms of respiratory muscles
Prevented by vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTaP)
Booster required every 10 years
Fewer than 10 cases per year, with a mortality rate of 25-50%
Treatment involves tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and debridement of infected tissue

Listeriosis

Caused by Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-positive rod
Usually foodborne and asymptomatic
Can cause meningitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals
Can invade the bloodstream, causing sepsis
Reproduces in phagocytes, spreading from cell to cell
Infects pregnant women, crossing the placenta and leading to stillbirth
Uses actin polymerization for bacterial movement

Leprosy

Also known as Hansen's disease
Caused by Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30°C
Generation time of 12 days
Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells
Survives macrophages and invades the myelin sheath
Transmission requires prolonged contact with an infected person or inhalation of secretions
Two forms: tuberculoid (neural) and lepromatous (progressive)
Diagnosed with skin biopsy or skin smear, blood test
Treatment involves antibiotics (Dapsone, Rifampin, and Clofazimine) for 6-24 months

African Trypanosomiasis

Caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Humans are the only reservoir
Transmitted from animals to humans by the tsetse fly
Distributed in West and Central Africa
Few early symptoms, followed by fever, headache, and CNS deterioration
Parasite evades antibodies through antigenic variation
Difficult to develop a vaccine
Treated with eflornithine, which crosses the blood-brain barrier
Prevention involves eliminating tsetse fly vectors

Amebic Meningoencephalitis

Caused by Naegleria fowleri
Causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Protozoan infects the nasal mucosa from swimming water, penetrates the brain, and feeds on brain tissues
100% fatal

Rabies

Caused by the rabies virus
Genus Lyssavirus, bullet-shaped, single-stranded RNA
Easily develops mutants
Usually transmitted by the saliva of an animal bite
Can also cross mucous membranes
Initial symptoms: muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx, hydrophobia
Virus multiplies in skeletal muscles, travels through the PNS to brain cells, causing encephalitis
Average incubation of 30-50 days
Forms Negri bodies in the brain stem
Two forms: furious (classical) and paralytic (dumb or numb)

Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions

Prion: abnormally folded protein
Causes normal proteins in the brain tissue to become abnormally folded
Leads to spongiform degeneration, a chronic and fatal condition
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)
Examples: sheep scrapie

Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Structure and function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
Cardiovascular system: circulates blood through the body's tissues
Lymphatic system: transports interstitial fluid, picks up microorganisms and infectious agents
Bacterial infections of the heart: endocarditis, pericarditis
Sepsis and septic shock: acute illness due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood
Lymphangitis: inflammation of the lymph vessels
Gram-negative sepsis: caused by E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram-positive sepsis: caused by S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis
Puerperal sepsis: caused by S. pyogenes, transmitted to the mother during childbirth
Rheumatic fever: autoimmune complication of S. pyogenes infection

Toxoplasmosis

Caused by Toxoplasma gondii
Undergoes its sexual phase in cat intestines
Oocysts shed in cat feces
Contact with cat feces introduces oocysts to the intestines
Oocysts form trophozoites that invade cells, may become a chronic infection
Primary danger is congenital infection, which can cause stillbirth, neurological damage, and blindness

Malaria

Caused by Plasmodium parasites
Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes
Four species: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale
Mosquito bite transmits sporozoite into the bloodstream
Enters liver cells, undergoes schizogony, and releases merozoites into the bloodstream
Merozoites infect RBCs, undergo schizogony, and rupture infected RBCs, releasing toxic compounds
Some merozoites develop into gametocytes, which are taken up by a mosquito, repeating the cycle

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Description

Learn about the causes and treatment of infant botulism and tetanus, including the role of intestinal microbiota and prevention methods.