Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between taxonomy and phylogeny?
What is the primary difference between taxonomy and phylogeny?
What is the hierarchical order of taxonomy?
What is the hierarchical order of taxonomy?
What is the main difference between genotypic and phenotypic classification systems?
What is the main difference between genotypic and phenotypic classification systems?
Which of the following is a limitation of phenotypic classification?
Which of the following is a limitation of phenotypic classification?
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What is the primary goal of taxonomic classification?
What is the primary goal of taxonomic classification?
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Which of the following is an advantage of genotypic classification?
Which of the following is an advantage of genotypic classification?
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What is the purpose of understanding taxonomy and phylogeny in microbiology?
What is the purpose of understanding taxonomy and phylogeny in microbiology?
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What is the purpose of the urease test in bacterial classification?
What is the purpose of the urease test in bacterial classification?
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What is the main difference between genotypic and phenotypic classification methods?
What is the main difference between genotypic and phenotypic classification methods?
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What type of bacteria would thrive in an environment with low oxygen levels?
What type of bacteria would thrive in an environment with low oxygen levels?
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What type of bacteria would be classified as facultative anaerobes?
What type of bacteria would be classified as facultative anaerobes?
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What is the main advantage of chemotaxonomic classification?
What is the main advantage of chemotaxonomic classification?
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What is the purpose of the analytical profile index?
What is the purpose of the analytical profile index?
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What is the by-product of the reaction in the urease test?
What is the by-product of the reaction in the urease test?
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What is the main advantage of genotypic classification?
What is the main advantage of genotypic classification?
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What is the purpose of the formative practice tests on SurreyLearn?
What is the purpose of the formative practice tests on SurreyLearn?
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What is the approximate number of questions that will be on each test?
What is the approximate number of questions that will be on each test?
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What is the primary purpose of classification in microbiology?
What is the primary purpose of classification in microbiology?
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Which of the following is NOT a traditional property used in the classification of bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a traditional property used in the classification of bacteria?
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What is the basis of phylogeny?
What is the basis of phylogeny?
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What is the purpose of nomenclature in microbiology?
What is the purpose of nomenclature in microbiology?
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What is the final step in the taxonomic classification of microbes?
What is the final step in the taxonomic classification of microbes?
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What is the primary advantage of using molecular and genetic methods in classification?
What is the primary advantage of using molecular and genetic methods in classification?
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Who is considered the founder of modern taxonomy?
Who is considered the founder of modern taxonomy?
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What is the purpose of phylogenetic tree analysis and construction?
What is the purpose of phylogenetic tree analysis and construction?
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What is the primary basis for classification in taxonomy?
What is the primary basis for classification in taxonomy?
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Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes archaea from bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes archaea from bacteria?
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What is the main reason why Woese's proposal for reclassification may have faced resistance?
What is the main reason why Woese's proposal for reclassification may have faced resistance?
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What is the primary goal of phylogeny?
What is the primary goal of phylogeny?
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What is the domain of life that Woese proposed to be separate from bacteria?
What is the domain of life that Woese proposed to be separate from bacteria?
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Which of the following is a characteristic that is shared by both archaea and bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic that is shared by both archaea and bacteria?
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What is the main difference between the classification of humans and gorillas?
What is the main difference between the classification of humans and gorillas?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between taxonomy and phylogeny?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between taxonomy and phylogeny?
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The basis of phylogeny is the random mutation of genes in organisms.
The basis of phylogeny is the random mutation of genes in organisms.
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Carl Linnaeus is considered the founder of modern phylogeny.
Carl Linnaeus is considered the founder of modern phylogeny.
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Phylogenetic tree analysis and construction is the final step in the taxonomic classification of microbes.
Phylogenetic tree analysis and construction is the final step in the taxonomic classification of microbes.
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Molecular and genetic methods are used to identify unknown organisms based on their morphology.
Molecular and genetic methods are used to identify unknown organisms based on their morphology.
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The primary goal of taxonomy is to understand the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
The primary goal of taxonomy is to understand the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
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Nomenclature is the process of identifying unknown organisms based on their properties.
Nomenclature is the process of identifying unknown organisms based on their properties.
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Microscopy is used to determine the mode of energy synthesis in an organism.
Microscopy is used to determine the mode of energy synthesis in an organism.
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Classification is a process that is unique to microbes.
Classification is a process that is unique to microbes.
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Fatty acid analysis is a genotypic method used to classify microorganisms.
Fatty acid analysis is a genotypic method used to classify microorganisms.
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Microaerophiles are bacteria that thrive in the absence of oxygen.
Microaerophiles are bacteria that thrive in the absence of oxygen.
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The analytical profile index is a single biochemical test used to classify bacteria.
The analytical profile index is a single biochemical test used to classify bacteria.
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Raman spectroscopy is a phenotypic method used to classify microorganisms.
Raman spectroscopy is a phenotypic method used to classify microorganisms.
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Facultative anaerobes are bacteria that cannot tolerate oxygen at all.
Facultative anaerobes are bacteria that cannot tolerate oxygen at all.
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Spore-forming bacteria can be classified using microscopy.
Spore-forming bacteria can be classified using microscopy.
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Genotypic classification is based on the physical and metabolic features of microorganisms.
Genotypic classification is based on the physical and metabolic features of microorganisms.
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The urease test is used to detect the presence of cytochrome c in bacteria.
The urease test is used to detect the presence of cytochrome c in bacteria.
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The Linnaean classification system is used to classify Archaea and Eukarya.
The Linnaean classification system is used to classify Archaea and Eukarya.
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Microbial taxonomists use only genotypic methods to classify microorganisms.
Microbial taxonomists use only genotypic methods to classify microorganisms.
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The universal phylogenetic tree based on 16S sRNA analysis shows that Archaea are more closely related to bacteria than to Eukarya.
The universal phylogenetic tree based on 16S sRNA analysis shows that Archaea are more closely related to bacteria than to Eukarya.
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Psychrophiles are a type of extremophile that can survive in temperatures above 100°C.
Psychrophiles are a type of extremophile that can survive in temperatures above 100°C.
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The taxonomic classification of microbes is primarily based on evolutionary relationships between organisms.
The taxonomic classification of microbes is primarily based on evolutionary relationships between organisms.
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The purpose of serovar classification is to identify differences in morphology.
The purpose of serovar classification is to identify differences in morphology.
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Phenotypic classification is based on the genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotypic classification is based on the genetic makeup of an organism.
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Barophiles are a type of extremophile that can survive in environments with high oxygen levels.
Barophiles are a type of extremophile that can survive in environments with high oxygen levels.
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The urease test is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between microbes.
The urease test is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between microbes.
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The main difference between Archaea and bacteria is their ability to produce CH4.
The main difference between Archaea and bacteria is their ability to produce CH4.
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The primary goal of taxonomy is to understand the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
The primary goal of taxonomy is to understand the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
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Facultative anaerobes are bacteria that thrive in environments with high oxygen levels.
Facultative anaerobes are bacteria that thrive in environments with high oxygen levels.
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Woese's proposal for reclassification of Archaea as a separate domain of life was widely accepted by the scientific community.
Woese's proposal for reclassification of Archaea as a separate domain of life was widely accepted by the scientific community.
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Woese's proposal for reclassification of bacteria and archaea was based on phenotypic characteristics.
Woese's proposal for reclassification of bacteria and archaea was based on phenotypic characteristics.
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The domain of life that Woese proposed to be separate from bacteria is Eukarya.
The domain of life that Woese proposed to be separate from bacteria is Eukarya.
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The primary advantage of using molecular and genetic methods in classification is that it is faster and more cost-effective than traditional methods.
The primary advantage of using molecular and genetic methods in classification is that it is faster and more cost-effective than traditional methods.
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Carl Linnaeus is considered the founder of modern phylogeny.
Carl Linnaeus is considered the founder of modern phylogeny.
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The classification of humans and gorillas is based on different domains of life.
The classification of humans and gorillas is based on different domains of life.
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The primary goal of phylogeny is to establish a universal system of naming organisms.
The primary goal of phylogeny is to establish a universal system of naming organisms.
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Phylogenetic tree analysis and construction is a part of taxonomic classification.
Phylogenetic tree analysis and construction is a part of taxonomic classification.
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Molecular and genetic methods are used to identify unknown organisms based on their morphology.
Molecular and genetic methods are used to identify unknown organisms based on their morphology.
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Woese's proposal for reclassification faced resistance due to the similarity between archaea and bacteria.
Woese's proposal for reclassification faced resistance due to the similarity between archaea and bacteria.
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The basis of phylogeny is the random mutation of genes in organisms.
The basis of phylogeny is the random mutation of genes in organisms.
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Classification is a process unique to microbes.
Classification is a process unique to microbes.
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Study Notes
Exam Format
- Each test is worth 50% of the module mark.
- Practice tests will be available, including:
- Standard MCQs (one correct answer from five options)
- Target research paper MCQs (one correct answer from five options)
- Extended matching questions (EMQs; one correct answer from ten options)
- Short-answer questions
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
- Taxonomy: Classification based on shared characteristics (phenetic; overall similarity).
- Phylogeny: Measures the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
- Understanding taxonomy and phylogeny is crucial for microbiologists to refer to microbes using standard protocol.
Bacterial Classification
- Classification involves:
- Microscopy / Morphology
- Response to oxygen (Aerobes, Microaerophiles, Anaerobes, Facultative anaerobes)
- Biochemical, enzymatic tests (e.g., urease test, analytical profile index)
- Genotypic (RNA / DNA / GC, Fatty acids)
- Phenotypic classification involves physical, structural, or metabolic features.
- Chemotaxonomic classification measures the degree of similarity of biochemical composition of organisms.
Classification of Bacteria
- Traditional properties used in classification include:
- Microscopy / Morphology
- Response to oxygen
- Mode of energy synthesis / source of carbon
- Biochemical, enzymatic tests
- Molecular and genetic methods include:
- Choosing appropriate molecular markers for a gene family
- Amplifying and sequencing
- Creating evolutionary models and phylogenetic tree analysis
Phylogeny
- Basis of phylogeny:
- All living things have genes that mutate randomly at low frequency.
- All progeny carry the mutation.
- Organisms differing by a few DNA base changes have diverged more recently in evolutionary time.
Bacteria and Archaea
- Similarities:
- Share shape, size, and microscopic appearance.
- Multiply by binary fission and move primarily by means of flagella.
- Differences:
- Focus on differences and similarities between archaea and bacteria.
- Woese's proposal for reclassification into the "Three Domain" model faced resistance due to differences and similarities between archaea and bacteria.
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
- Taxonomy: Classification based on shared characteristics (phenetic; overall similarity)
- Phylogeny: Measures the evolutionary relationships between organisms
Classification of Organisms
- Hierarchical classification: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- Example: Human classification
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Primates
- Family: Hominidae
- Genus: Homo
- Species: sapiens
Microbial Classification
- Steps in taxonomic classification of microbes:
- Classification: Ordering organisms into groups based on shared properties
- Nomenclature: Naming the classified organisms
- Identification: Obtaining data on the properties of an unknown organism and determining which species it belongs to
- Traditional properties used in classification:
- Microscopy / Morphology
- Response to oxygen
- Mode of energy synthesis / source of carbon
- Biochemical, enzymatic tests
- Molecular and genetic methods:
- Choose appropriate molecular markers for a gene family
- Amplify and sequence
- Create evolutionary model
- Phylogenetic tree analysis and construction
Phylogenetic Tree
- Universal phylogenetic tree based on 16S sRNA analysis: three domains of life
- Archaea are more phylogenetically related to Eukarya than Bacteria
Extremophiles
- Methanogens: anaerobic CH4 producers
- Hyperthermophiles: 113 – 200°C
- Psychrophiles: -15°C
- Acidophiles: pH 1.0
- Barophiles: 1200 atm
Bacterial Classification
- Bacterial taxonomy discussion topics:
- Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic methods for classifying a previously unrecorded microbe
- Genotypic and phenotypic systems for classifying primates
- Woese's proposal for reclassification of Archaea as a separate domain of life
Bacterial Classification Systems
- Linnaean classification system: Example for Shigella
- Bacterial classification in context: Example for Salmonella
- Phenotypic classification:
- Microscopy / Morphology
- Response to oxygen
- Mode of energy synthesis / source of carbon
- Biochemical, enzymatic tests
- Genotypic classification:
- Genotypic – classification on the basis of genetic similarities
- Chemotaxonomic classification:
- Phenotypic classification which measures degree of similarity of biochemical composition of organisms
- Examples: Raman spectroscopy, RNA/DNA/GC, Fatty acids
Biochemical & Enzymatic Tests
- Examples:
- The urease test
- Analytical profile index – multiple biochemical and enzymatic tests
- Cytochrome c test
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Description
Assessment for microbiology module, covering topics on bacteria, protozoa, and virology. Practice tests available, with 40 questions including MCQs and EMQs.
