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Microbiology Module Test
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Microbiology Module Test

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between taxonomy and phylogeny?

  • Taxonomy is used for classification of eukaryotes, while phylogeny is used for classification of prokaryotes.
  • Taxonomy focuses on classification based on shared characteristics, while phylogeny focuses on evolutionary relationships. (correct)
  • Taxonomy focuses on evolutionary relationships, while phylogeny focuses on classification based on shared characteristics.
  • Taxonomy is used for classification of Archaea, while phylogeny is used for classification of Bacteria.

    • What is the hierarchical order of taxonomy?

  • Kingdom, Order, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Species
  • Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, Species
  • Kingdom, Class, Phylum, Order, Family, Genus, Species
  • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (correct)

    • What is the main difference between genotypic and phenotypic classification systems?

  • Genotypic classification is based on physical characteristics, while phenotypic classification is based on genetic makeup.
  • Genotypic classification is based on genetic makeup, while phenotypic classification is based on physical characteristics. (correct)
  • Genotypic classification is used for Archaea, while phenotypic classification is used for Bacteria.
  • Genotypic classification is used for eukaryotes, while phenotypic classification is used for prokaryotes.

    • Which of the following is a limitation of phenotypic classification?

    <p>It can be influenced by environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of taxonomic classification?

    <p>To classify organisms based on their shared characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of genotypic classification?

    <p>It is more accurate and reliable than phenotypic classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding taxonomy and phylogeny in microbiology?

    <p>To classify microorganisms into groups based on their characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the urease test in bacterial classification?

    <p>To detect the presence of urease enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between genotypic and phenotypic classification methods?

    <p>Genotypic is based on genetic similarities, while phenotypic is based on physical or structural features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria would thrive in an environment with low oxygen levels?

    <p>Microaerophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria would be classified as facultative anaerobes?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of chemotaxonomic classification?

    <p>It measures the degree of similarity of biochemical composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the analytical profile index?

    <p>To perform multiple biochemical and enzymatic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the by-product of the reaction in the urease test?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of genotypic classification?

    <p>It provides a more accurate identification of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the formative practice tests on SurreyLearn?

    <p>To provide feedback on student progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of questions that will be on each test?

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of classification in microbiology?

    <p>To group organisms based on shared properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a traditional property used in the classification of bacteria?

    <p>Gene sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of phylogeny?

    <p>The random mutation of genes at a low frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of nomenclature in microbiology?

    <p>To name the classified organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the taxonomic classification of microbes?

    <p>Nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using molecular and genetic methods in classification?

    <p>It is more accurate than traditional methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the founder of modern taxonomy?

    <p>Carl Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of phylogenetic tree analysis and construction?

    <p>To determine the evolutionary relationships between organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary basis for classification in taxonomy?

    <p>Shared characteristics and overall similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes archaea from bacteria?

    <p>Square-edged appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why Woese's proposal for reclassification may have faced resistance?

    <p>Differences in evolutionary relationships between archaea and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of phylogeny?

    <p>To measure evolutionary relationships between organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the domain of life that Woese proposed to be separate from bacteria?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic that is shared by both archaea and bacteria?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the classification of humans and gorillas?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between taxonomy and phylogeny?

    <p>Taxonomy and phylogeny are independent systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basis of phylogeny is the random mutation of genes in organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carl Linnaeus is considered the founder of modern phylogeny.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phylogenetic tree analysis and construction is the final step in the taxonomic classification of microbes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular and genetic methods are used to identify unknown organisms based on their morphology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of taxonomy is to understand the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nomenclature is the process of identifying unknown organisms based on their properties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microscopy is used to determine the mode of energy synthesis in an organism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classification is a process that is unique to microbes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acid analysis is a genotypic method used to classify microorganisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microaerophiles are bacteria that thrive in the absence of oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The analytical profile index is a single biochemical test used to classify bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raman spectroscopy is a phenotypic method used to classify microorganisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facultative anaerobes are bacteria that cannot tolerate oxygen at all.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spore-forming bacteria can be classified using microscopy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genotypic classification is based on the physical and metabolic features of microorganisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urease test is used to detect the presence of cytochrome c in bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Linnaean classification system is used to classify Archaea and Eukarya.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microbial taxonomists use only genotypic methods to classify microorganisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The universal phylogenetic tree based on 16S sRNA analysis shows that Archaea are more closely related to bacteria than to Eukarya.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychrophiles are a type of extremophile that can survive in temperatures above 100°C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The taxonomic classification of microbes is primarily based on evolutionary relationships between organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of serovar classification is to identify differences in morphology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phenotypic classification is based on the genetic makeup of an organism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barophiles are a type of extremophile that can survive in environments with high oxygen levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urease test is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between microbes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main difference between Archaea and bacteria is their ability to produce CH4.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of taxonomy is to understand the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facultative anaerobes are bacteria that thrive in environments with high oxygen levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Woese's proposal for reclassification of Archaea as a separate domain of life was widely accepted by the scientific community.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Woese's proposal for reclassification of bacteria and archaea was based on phenotypic characteristics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The domain of life that Woese proposed to be separate from bacteria is Eukarya.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary advantage of using molecular and genetic methods in classification is that it is faster and more cost-effective than traditional methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carl Linnaeus is considered the founder of modern phylogeny.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classification of humans and gorillas is based on different domains of life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of phylogeny is to establish a universal system of naming organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phylogenetic tree analysis and construction is a part of taxonomic classification.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular and genetic methods are used to identify unknown organisms based on their morphology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Woese's proposal for reclassification faced resistance due to the similarity between archaea and bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basis of phylogeny is the random mutation of genes in organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classification is a process unique to microbes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Exam Format

    • Each test is worth 50% of the module mark.
    • Practice tests will be available, including:
    • Standard MCQs (one correct answer from five options)
    • Target research paper MCQs (one correct answer from five options)
    • Extended matching questions (EMQs; one correct answer from ten options)
    • Short-answer questions

    Taxonomy and Phylogeny

    • Taxonomy: Classification based on shared characteristics (phenetic; overall similarity).
    • Phylogeny: Measures the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
    • Understanding taxonomy and phylogeny is crucial for microbiologists to refer to microbes using standard protocol.

    Bacterial Classification

    • Classification involves:
      • Microscopy / Morphology
      • Response to oxygen (Aerobes, Microaerophiles, Anaerobes, Facultative anaerobes)
      • Biochemical, enzymatic tests (e.g., urease test, analytical profile index)
      • Genotypic (RNA / DNA / GC, Fatty acids)
    • Phenotypic classification involves physical, structural, or metabolic features.
    • Chemotaxonomic classification measures the degree of similarity of biochemical composition of organisms.

    Classification of Bacteria

    • Traditional properties used in classification include:
      • Microscopy / Morphology
      • Response to oxygen
      • Mode of energy synthesis / source of carbon
      • Biochemical, enzymatic tests
    • Molecular and genetic methods include:
      • Choosing appropriate molecular markers for a gene family
      • Amplifying and sequencing
      • Creating evolutionary models and phylogenetic tree analysis

    Phylogeny

    • Basis of phylogeny:
      • All living things have genes that mutate randomly at low frequency.
      • All progeny carry the mutation.
      • Organisms differing by a few DNA base changes have diverged more recently in evolutionary time.

    Bacteria and Archaea

    • Similarities:
      • Share shape, size, and microscopic appearance.
      • Multiply by binary fission and move primarily by means of flagella.
    • Differences:
      • Focus on differences and similarities between archaea and bacteria.
    • Woese's proposal for reclassification into the "Three Domain" model faced resistance due to differences and similarities between archaea and bacteria.

    Taxonomy and Phylogeny

    • Taxonomy: Classification based on shared characteristics (phenetic; overall similarity)
    • Phylogeny: Measures the evolutionary relationships between organisms

    Classification of Organisms

    • Hierarchical classification: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
    • Example: Human classification
      • Kingdom: Animalia
      • Phylum: Chordata
      • Class: Mammalia
      • Order: Primates
      • Family: Hominidae
      • Genus: Homo
      • Species: sapiens

    Microbial Classification

    • Steps in taxonomic classification of microbes:
      1. Classification: Ordering organisms into groups based on shared properties
      2. Nomenclature: Naming the classified organisms
      3. Identification: Obtaining data on the properties of an unknown organism and determining which species it belongs to
    • Traditional properties used in classification:
      • Microscopy / Morphology
      • Response to oxygen
      • Mode of energy synthesis / source of carbon
      • Biochemical, enzymatic tests
    • Molecular and genetic methods:
      • Choose appropriate molecular markers for a gene family
      • Amplify and sequence
      • Create evolutionary model
      • Phylogenetic tree analysis and construction

    Phylogenetic Tree

    • Universal phylogenetic tree based on 16S sRNA analysis: three domains of life
    • Archaea are more phylogenetically related to Eukarya than Bacteria

    Extremophiles

    • Methanogens: anaerobic CH4 producers
    • Hyperthermophiles: 113 – 200°C
    • Psychrophiles: -15°C
    • Acidophiles: pH 1.0
    • Barophiles: 1200 atm

    Bacterial Classification

    • Bacterial taxonomy discussion topics:
      1. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic methods for classifying a previously unrecorded microbe
      2. Genotypic and phenotypic systems for classifying primates
      3. Woese's proposal for reclassification of Archaea as a separate domain of life

    Bacterial Classification Systems

    • Linnaean classification system: Example for Shigella
    • Bacterial classification in context: Example for Salmonella
    • Phenotypic classification:
      • Microscopy / Morphology
      • Response to oxygen
      • Mode of energy synthesis / source of carbon
      • Biochemical, enzymatic tests
    • Genotypic classification:
      • Genotypic – classification on the basis of genetic similarities
    • Chemotaxonomic classification:
      • Phenotypic classification which measures degree of similarity of biochemical composition of organisms
      • Examples: Raman spectroscopy, RNA/DNA/GC, Fatty acids

    Biochemical & Enzymatic Tests

    • Examples:
      • The urease test
      • Analytical profile index – multiple biochemical and enzymatic tests
      • Cytochrome c test

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    Assessment for microbiology module, covering topics on bacteria, protozoa, and virology. Practice tests available, with 40 questions including MCQs and EMQs.

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