Microbiology: 4.3 Pathogenic Bacteria Part IIIa Quiz

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which statement is true about Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

It has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.

It requires numerous growth factors to grow. (correct)

It stains purple in a Gram stain.

It is easy to grow in a laboratory setting.

What is a characteristic feature of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Replicates quickly in culture media.

Forms long filaments. (correct)

Contains a strong peptidoglycan layer.

Has a thick capsule.

What differentiates Ureaplasma urealyticum from Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes urethritis.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is sexually transmitted.

Ureaplasma urealyticum is urease negative.

Ureaplasma urealyticum has a strong cytoplasmic membrane. (correct)

Why are Mycoplasmas difficult to treat with penicillins?

They lack a cell wall. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to infections caused by agents other than N.gonorrhoeae?

Non-gonococcal urethritis Signup and view all the answers

Why is Mycoplasma pneumoniae sometimes called 'walking pneumonia'?

Symptoms are mild enough that patients can continue their daily activities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a notable property of Mycoplasmas?

They are difficult to grow in lab settings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary host for Rickettsiae prowazekii?

Lice Signup and view all the answers

Which organism causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

Rickettsiae rickettsii Signup and view all the answers

What disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis strains affecting the eye and leading to blindness?

Trachoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the vector for murine/endemic typhus caused by Rickettsiae typhi?

Fleas Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae?

Cause of bronchitis and sinusitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'typhus' in Greek language?

Fever with confusion Signup and view all the answers

'Adhesion Factors' are associated with which pathogen?

Rickettsiae rickettsii Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of Mycoplasmas?

Requirement for numerous growth factors Signup and view all the answers

Why are some Mycoplasma species referred to as obligate parasites?

They require a host cell to replicate Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the appearance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Filamentous Signup and view all the answers

What makes it challenging to grow some bacteria without cell walls in the lab?

They require specific growth factors Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Ureaplasma urealyticum from Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Produces urease enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the Gram staining of some miscellaneous bacteria?

Some are related to Gram-positives and others are Gram-negative but all stain pink Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections sometimes lead to 'walking pneumonia'?

'Gradual onset of symptoms causing mild illness' Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of damage to capillaries by Rickettsiae?

Occurrence of spots and rashes Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by an extremely high fever, myalgia, and truncal dull red rash?

Rocky mountain spotted fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the vector for the transmission of epidemic typhus caused by Rickettsiae prowazekii?

Lice Signup and view all the answers

In what type of conditions is epidemic typhus likely to spread, according to the text?

Crowded and unhygienic conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen causes non-traumatic blindness by infection and scarring of the conjunctiva leading to corneal damage?

Chlamydia trachomatis Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is prevented in newborns with antibiotic drops/salve to avoid eye infections?

Trachoma Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the enlargement and potential rupture of lymph nodes in the genital region due to a specific infection?

Buboes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mode of transmission for KSHV?

Saliva Signup and view all the answers

Which virus causes Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B Virus Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Hepatitis infections?

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?

Can lead to genital warts Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Rhinoviruses from other Picornaviruses?

Major cause of common cold Signup and view all the answers

How does Hepatitis A differ from Hepatitis B?

Shorter disease duration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of HPV is most likely to cause anogenital malignancies?

HPV 16 Signup and view all the answers

Which virus belongs to the Herpes Virus family and is associated with causing cold sores?

HHV 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which RNA virus is associated with causing the common cold?

Enterovirus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virus is responsible for causing Smallpox?

Variola virus Signup and view all the answers

Which DNA virus is commonly linked to cervical cancer?

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Signup and view all the answers

Which RNA virus is primarily responsible for causing AIDS?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

How is measles primarily transmitted from person to person?

Through large respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Hemagglutinin in measles virus infection?

Attaching to host cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the communicability period of measles, according to the text?

4 days before to 4 days after rash onset Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with Measles virus infection?

Diminishes preexisting antibodies protecting from other pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant sign or symptom of Measles infection?

Koplik spots in the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical temporal pattern of Measles outbreaks?

Peak in late winter-spring Signup and view all the answers

In what manner does Measles virus cause a rash on the skin?

By immune T-cells targeting infected blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

'Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis' (SSPE) following Measles infection is characterized by what symptoms?

'Insidious onset', dementia, seizures, and optic atrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of influenza virus-associated death in individuals over 65 years of age?

Cardiac failure Signup and view all the answers

Which protein of the influenza virus is responsible for cutting off sugars on glycoprotein receptors to allow new virions to escape from infected cells?

Neuraminidase (NA) Signup and view all the answers

What causes sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics of influenza due to small mutations that make hosts susceptible?

Antigenic drift Signup and view all the answers

Which major antigens of the influenza virus are recognized by the immune system?

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the protein Neuraminidase (NA) in the influenza virus?

To allow new virions to escape from infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates Influenza virus A, B, and C?

RNA genome segments Signup and view all the answers

What property of Influenza viruses necessitates the development of a new vaccine each year?

"Antigenic drift" Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Hemagglutinin (HA) in the Influenza virus?

To attach to host cells. Signup and view all the answers

How does a virus depend on the host cell during infection?

By entering the host cell and directing its operations Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of human herpes viruses (HHV) as a family?

They have a predilection for either nervous tissue or lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Varicella and Zoster (HHV3) viruses?

Direct contact between individuals Signup and view all the answers

How does Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) differ from other herpes viruses in its impact?

Induces cancer in AIDS patients Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Roseoloviruses (HHV-6A, 6B, 7) from other members of the Herpes family?

Result in a fever followed by a rash in infants Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant consequence of CMV (HHV5) infection during pregnancy?

Cytomegalic cells formation Signup and view all the answers

How do syncytia assist in the spread of certain viruses within the host?

By fusing adjacent cells, allowing spread without leaving cells Signup and view all the answers

What makes Acyclovir a commonly used treatment for some viral infections like Varicella and Zoster?

"Halts" viral replication Signup and view all the answers

Which virus belongs to the Herpes Virus family and is associated with causing chickenpox and shingles?

Varicella Zoster Virus (HHV3) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with Hepatitis infections?

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is primarily responsible for causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) among the viruses listed?

Associated with cervical cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is an example of a Double Stranded Enveloped DNA Virus?

Parvovirus Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic that differentiates Coronavirus from Rhinovirus among RNA viruses?

Enveloped structure Signup and view all the answers

What makes Measles a highly contagious disease?

Spread through respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

'Sore throat, fever, and cough' are commonly associated with infections caused by which virus?

Adenovirus Signup and view all the answers

How is Hepatitis B primarily transmitted?

Through blood and body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What role does bilirubin play in Hepatitis infections?

Results in yellow coloration known as jaundice Signup and view all the answers

How does the incubation period of Hepatitis A compare to that of Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B has a longer incubation period Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the transmission mode of Hepatitis C compared to Hepatitis A and B?

Blood and body fluids for Hepatitis C Signup and view all the answers

In what way is the long-term impact of Rhinoviruses different from that of Picornaviruses causing Hepatitis?

Rhinoviruses have fewer long-term problems compared to Hepatitis viruses Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the vaccination approach for Hepatitis B from the one for Rhinoviruses?

Hepatitis B vaccine is routine for children unlike the Rhinovirus vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Measles virus?

Respiratory/Airborne transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the type of genetic material found in Morbillivirus?

Single-stranded RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the main portal of entry for Measles virus into the human body?

Respiratory mucus membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which feature makes Measles highly communicable among susceptible persons?

High attack rate among exposed individuals Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Maculopapular rash from other types of rashes?

Discolored flat areas and small raised bumps together Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir for Measles virus?

Human Signup and view all the answers

Which immune system component does the measles virus primarily target and destroy?

T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characteristic of Measles infection and appears in the mouth as tiny grains surrounded by a red ring?

Koplik spots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary reason why the Influenza virus requires a new vaccine each year?

Antigenic shift resulting in new strains Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of Neuraminidase in the Influenza virus?

Allowing new virions to escape from infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Orthomyxovirus Type C from Types A and B?

Cause of mild infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of antigenic drift in the Influenza virus?

It results in small mutations making hosts susceptible. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the nature of sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics in relation to Influenza viruses?

They occur due to small mutations making hosts susceptible. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Influenza virus is recognized as a major antigen by the immune system?

Hemagglutinin Signup and view all the answers

What causes the immune response to no longer fully protect individuals during sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics of Influenza?

Accumulation of mutations in Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes Influenza virus A from types B and C?

'Flu' symptoms with systemic effects Signup and view all the answers

How do human herpes viruses (HHV) typically spread within the host?

By forming syncytia to escape the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HHV2) infection?

Results in painful sores on the genitals Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Varicella (HHV 3) infection in children?

Becomes latent in nerve cells similar to Herpes simplex Signup and view all the answers

How does Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV 4) primarily spread?

By respiratory droplets and kissing Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV5) infections from others in the Herpes family?

Widespread asymptomatic infections and latency Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with Roseoloviruses (HHV-6A, 6B, 7) infection?

Rapid onset fever followed by a rash Signup and view all the answers

What makes Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) unique within the Herpes family?

Association with Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients Signup and view all the answers

'Herpes roster' refers to which characteristic of Human herpes viruses (HHV)?

'Herpes roster' highlights their preference for nervous tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Miscellaneous Bacteria

Bacteria without cell walls, such as Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma, require host cells to survive
Most are difficult to grow in the lab and stain pink in a Gram stain
Mycoplasma pneumoniae:
- Small, pleomorphic (cocci to filaments)
- No cell wall, but has sterols in its membrane
- Requires numerous growth factors to grow
- Causes walking pneumonia
- Can't be treated with penicillins
Ureaplasma urealyticum:
- Sexually transmitted, causes urethritis
- Also known as NGU (Non-gonococcal urethritis)
- Causes infections similar to M. pneumoniae

Rickettsiae

Obligate intracellular parasites
Infect endothelial cells lining blood vessels, avoiding digestion in lysosomes
Have LPS, generate fever
Cause damage to capillaries, depriving organs of oxygen
Rickettsiae species:
- Rickettsiae rickettsii: Rocky mountain spotted fever
- Rickettsiae prowazekii: epidemic typhus
- Rickettsiae typhi: murine/endemic typhus

Chlamydia

Obligate intracellular parasites
Infect cells of mucous membranes, conjunctiva
Cause trachoma, leading cause of non-traumatic blindness
Can cause non-gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and pneumonia
Chlamydia pneumoniae:
- Causes bronchitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia
- Difficult to distinguish from Mycoplasma pneumonia

Pathogenic Viruses

Herpes viruses:
- Herpes simplex virus (HHV 1-2)
- Varicella zoster virus (HHV 3)
- Epstein-Barr virus (HHV 4)
- Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
- Roseoloviruses (HHV 6A, 6B, 7)
- Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV 8)
Hepatitis viruses:
- Hepatitis A, B, and C
Picornaviruses:
- Cause common cold, hepatitis A
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV):
- Causes genital warts, anogenital malignancies
Measles virus:
- Causes measles, SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)
- Highly contagious, spread by respiratory droplets### MMR Vaccine and Autism
Measles vaccine connection to autism was first suggested by a British gastroenterologist (now delicensed)
Diagnosis of autism is often made in the second year of life
Multiple studies have shown no association between the MMR vaccine and autism

Influenza

Types A, B, and C
Segmented genome with 8 different RNA molecules
Spikes: Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)
Major antigens recognized by the immune system
Antigenic drift and shift:
- Drift: small mutations making the host susceptible, requiring new vaccines each year
- Shift: major mixing of RNAs, producing a new virus, potentially leading to pandemics

Influenza Virus

Febrile respiratory disease with systemic symptoms
Attacks the respiratory tract, killing ciliated epithelial cells and allowing bacterial infections
Release of interferon causes symptoms
H antigen (hemagglutinin) for attachment
N antigen (neuraminidase) cuts off the sugar on the glycoprotein receptor, allowing new virions to escape

Influenza Transmission and Treatment

Spread via aerosol (100,000 to 1,000,000 virions per droplet)
18-72 hour incubation period
Body response: lots of interferon, side effects include fever, myalgia, fatigue, and malaise
Antibody induction: IgG and IgA, IgG less efficient but lasts longer
Major causes of influenza-associated death: bacterial pneumonia and cardiac failure, especially in those over 65 years of age

Pathogenic Viruses

Herpes virus family: HHV1, HHV2, HHV3, HHV4, HHV5, HHV6, HHV7, and HHV8
Characteristics: ability to become latent, predilection for either nervous tissue or lymphocytes, and ability to cause cancer
Human herpes viruses: 9 routinely infect only humans

Herpes Simplex (HHV1 and HHV2)

HHV1: oral, cold sores, flu-like symptoms
HHV2: genital, STI, and neonatal, painful, contagious sores on genitals
Latency: viruses enter nearby nerve cells, remain until activated by stress, cause disease, and then return
Spread and treatment: person-to-person by direct contact, spread within host by forming syncytia, escape immune system, acyclovir helps, but no cure, lifetime infection

Varicella Zoster (HHV3)

Chickenpox: respiratory, disease becomes systemic with fever, malaise, skin lesions
Very contagious, usually mild, especially in children
Virus can become latent in nerves (DRG of spinal nerves) like Herpes simplex
Recurrence: shingles, rash, pain, covers dermatomal pattern, acyclovir can lessen symptoms

Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV4)

Cause of infectious mononucleosis
Infects B cells and salivary glands
Spread by respiratory droplets, kissing
Sore throat, swollen glands and spleen, long-lasting fatigue
Lympho-civil war: cytotoxic T cells attack infected, altered B cells
Same virus causes B cell cancer (Burkitt's lymphoma) in Africa, and has some relationship to malaria exposure

Cytomegalovirus (HHV5)

Infection results in enlarged cells
Widespread asymptomatic infections, latency
Virus shed in body fluids: sex, birth, transplants
Problem for unborn, immunosuppressed, transplant patients, major cause of viral-induced birth defects

Roseoloviruses (HHV6 and HHV7)

Cause of Sixth disease (roseola infantum, exanthem subitum)
Classic presentation: fever of rapid onset followed by a rash, both lasting 3-5 days
Complications: febrile seizures, rare serious complications
Spread: usually through saliva of those who are otherwise healthy, but can also spread transplacentally during pregnancy

Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (HHV8)

Causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients
The sarcoma is a cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on miscellaneous pathogenic bacteria that do not have cell walls, require host cells, and are challenging to grow in lab settings. Explore specific bacteria like Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma known for their unique properties.