Microbiology: 4.3 Pathogenic Bacteria Part IIIa Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which statement is true about Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

  • It has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
  • It requires numerous growth factors to grow. (correct)
  • It stains purple in a Gram stain.
  • It is easy to grow in a laboratory setting.

    • What is a characteristic feature of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

  • Replicates quickly in culture media.
  • Forms long filaments. (correct)
  • Contains a strong peptidoglycan layer.
  • Has a thick capsule.

    • What differentiates Ureaplasma urealyticum from Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes urethritis.
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae is sexually transmitted.
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum is urease negative.
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum has a strong cytoplasmic membrane. (correct)

    • Why are Mycoplasmas difficult to treat with penicillins?

    <p>They lack a cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to infections caused by agents other than N.gonorrhoeae?

    <p>Non-gonococcal urethritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Mycoplasma pneumoniae sometimes called 'walking pneumonia'?

    <p>Symptoms are mild enough that patients can continue their daily activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a notable property of Mycoplasmas?

    <p>They are difficult to grow in lab settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary host for Rickettsiae prowazekii?

    <p>Lice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

    <p>Rickettsiae rickettsii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis strains affecting the eye and leading to blindness?

    <p>Trachoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vector for murine/endemic typhus caused by Rickettsiae typhi?

    <p>Fleas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae?

    <p>Cause of bronchitis and sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'typhus' in Greek language?

    <p>Fever with confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Adhesion Factors' are associated with which pathogen?

    <p>Rickettsiae rickettsii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of Mycoplasmas?

    <p>Requirement for numerous growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some Mycoplasma species referred to as obligate parasites?

    <p>They require a host cell to replicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the appearance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

    <p>Filamentous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it challenging to grow some bacteria without cell walls in the lab?

    <p>They require specific growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Ureaplasma urealyticum from Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

    <p>Produces urease enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the Gram staining of some miscellaneous bacteria?

    <p>Some are related to Gram-positives and others are Gram-negative but all stain pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections sometimes lead to 'walking pneumonia'?

    <p>'Gradual onset of symptoms causing mild illness'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of damage to capillaries by Rickettsiae?

    <p>Occurrence of spots and rashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by an extremely high fever, myalgia, and truncal dull red rash?

    <p>Rocky mountain spotted fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vector for the transmission of epidemic typhus caused by Rickettsiae prowazekii?

    <p>Lice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of conditions is epidemic typhus likely to spread, according to the text?

    <p>Crowded and unhygienic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen causes non-traumatic blindness by infection and scarring of the conjunctiva leading to corneal damage?

    <p>Chlamydia trachomatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is prevented in newborns with antibiotic drops/salve to avoid eye infections?

    <p>Trachoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the enlargement and potential rupture of lymph nodes in the genital region due to a specific infection?

    <p>Buboes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of transmission for KSHV?

    <p>Saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes Hepatitis B?

    <p>Hepatitis B Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Hepatitis infections?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?

    <p>Can lead to genital warts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Rhinoviruses from other Picornaviruses?

    <p>Major cause of common cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Hepatitis A differ from Hepatitis B?

    <p>Shorter disease duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of HPV is most likely to cause anogenital malignancies?

    <p>HPV 16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus belongs to the Herpes Virus family and is associated with causing cold sores?

    <p>HHV 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA virus is associated with causing the common cold?

    <p>Enterovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus is responsible for causing Smallpox?

    <p>Variola virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DNA virus is commonly linked to cervical cancer?

    <p>Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA virus is primarily responsible for causing AIDS?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is measles primarily transmitted from person to person?

    <p>Through large respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Hemagglutinin in measles virus infection?

    <p>Attaching to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the communicability period of measles, according to the text?

    <p>4 days before to 4 days after rash onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with Measles virus infection?

    <p>Diminishes preexisting antibodies protecting from other pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant sign or symptom of Measles infection?

    <p>Koplik spots in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical temporal pattern of Measles outbreaks?

    <p>Peak in late winter-spring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner does Measles virus cause a rash on the skin?

    <p>By immune T-cells targeting infected blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis' (SSPE) following Measles infection is characterized by what symptoms?

    <p>'Insidious onset', dementia, seizures, and optic atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of influenza virus-associated death in individuals over 65 years of age?

    <p>Cardiac failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein of the influenza virus is responsible for cutting off sugars on glycoprotein receptors to allow new virions to escape from infected cells?

    <p>Neuraminidase (NA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics of influenza due to small mutations that make hosts susceptible?

    <p>Antigenic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major antigens of the influenza virus are recognized by the immune system?

    <p>Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the protein Neuraminidase (NA) in the influenza virus?

    <p>To allow new virions to escape from infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates Influenza virus A, B, and C?

    <p>RNA genome segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of Influenza viruses necessitates the development of a new vaccine each year?

    <p>&quot;Antigenic drift&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Hemagglutinin (HA) in the Influenza virus?

    <p>To attach to host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a virus depend on the host cell during infection?

    <p>By entering the host cell and directing its operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of human herpes viruses (HHV) as a family?

    <p>They have a predilection for either nervous tissue or lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Varicella and Zoster (HHV3) viruses?

    <p>Direct contact between individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) differ from other herpes viruses in its impact?

    <p>Induces cancer in AIDS patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Roseoloviruses (HHV-6A, 6B, 7) from other members of the Herpes family?

    <p>Result in a fever followed by a rash in infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant consequence of CMV (HHV5) infection during pregnancy?

    <p>Cytomegalic cells formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do syncytia assist in the spread of certain viruses within the host?

    <p>By fusing adjacent cells, allowing spread without leaving cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Acyclovir a commonly used treatment for some viral infections like Varicella and Zoster?

    <p>&quot;Halts&quot; viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus belongs to the Herpes Virus family and is associated with causing chickenpox and shingles?

    <p>Varicella Zoster Virus (HHV3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with Hepatitis infections?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is primarily responsible for causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) among the viruses listed?

    <p>Associated with cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is an example of a Double Stranded Enveloped DNA Virus?

    <p>Parvovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic that differentiates Coronavirus from Rhinovirus among RNA viruses?

    <p>Enveloped structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Measles a highly contagious disease?

    <p>Spread through respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sore throat, fever, and cough' are commonly associated with infections caused by which virus?

    <p>Adenovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Hepatitis B primarily transmitted?

    <p>Through blood and body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does bilirubin play in Hepatitis infections?

    <p>Results in yellow coloration known as jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the incubation period of Hepatitis A compare to that of Hepatitis B?

    <p>Hepatitis B has a longer incubation period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the transmission mode of Hepatitis C compared to Hepatitis A and B?

    <p>Blood and body fluids for Hepatitis C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way is the long-term impact of Rhinoviruses different from that of Picornaviruses causing Hepatitis?

    <p>Rhinoviruses have fewer long-term problems compared to Hepatitis viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the vaccination approach for Hepatitis B from the one for Rhinoviruses?

    <p>Hepatitis B vaccine is routine for children unlike the Rhinovirus vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Measles virus?

    <p>Respiratory/Airborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the type of genetic material found in Morbillivirus?

    <p>Single-stranded RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main portal of entry for Measles virus into the human body?

    <p>Respiratory mucus membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature makes Measles highly communicable among susceptible persons?

    <p>High attack rate among exposed individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Maculopapular rash from other types of rashes?

    <p>Discolored flat areas and small raised bumps together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir for Measles virus?

    <p>Human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune system component does the measles virus primarily target and destroy?

    <p><strong>T-cells</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is characteristic of Measles infection and appears in the mouth as tiny grains surrounded by a red ring?

    <p>Koplik spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary reason why the Influenza virus requires a new vaccine each year?

    <p>Antigenic shift resulting in new strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Neuraminidase in the Influenza virus?

    <p>Allowing new virions to escape from infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Orthomyxovirus Type C from Types A and B?

    <p>Cause of mild infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of antigenic drift in the Influenza virus?

    <p>It results in small mutations making hosts susceptible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the nature of sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics in relation to Influenza viruses?

    <p>They occur due to small mutations making hosts susceptible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the Influenza virus is recognized as a major antigen by the immune system?

    <p>Hemagglutinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the immune response to no longer fully protect individuals during sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics of Influenza?

    <p>Accumulation of mutations in Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes Influenza virus A from types B and C?

    <p>'Flu' symptoms with systemic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do human herpes viruses (HHV) typically spread within the host?

    <p>By forming syncytia to escape the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HHV2) infection?

    <p>Results in painful sores on the genitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Varicella (HHV 3) infection in children?

    <p>Becomes latent in nerve cells similar to Herpes simplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV 4) primarily spread?

    <p>By respiratory droplets and kissing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV5) infections from others in the Herpes family?

    <p>Widespread asymptomatic infections and latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with Roseoloviruses (HHV-6A, 6B, 7) infection?

    <p>Rapid onset fever followed by a rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) unique within the Herpes family?

    <p>Association with Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Herpes roster' refers to which characteristic of Human herpes viruses (HHV)?

    <p>'Herpes roster' highlights their preference for nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Miscellaneous Bacteria

    • Bacteria without cell walls, such as Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma, require host cells to survive
    • Most are difficult to grow in the lab and stain pink in a Gram stain
    • Mycoplasma pneumoniae:
      • Small, pleomorphic (cocci to filaments)
      • No cell wall, but has sterols in its membrane
      • Requires numerous growth factors to grow
      • Causes walking pneumonia
      • Can't be treated with penicillins
    • Ureaplasma urealyticum:
      • Sexually transmitted, causes urethritis
      • Also known as NGU (Non-gonococcal urethritis)
      • Causes infections similar to M. pneumoniae

    Rickettsiae

    • Obligate intracellular parasites
    • Infect endothelial cells lining blood vessels, avoiding digestion in lysosomes
    • Have LPS, generate fever
    • Cause damage to capillaries, depriving organs of oxygen
    • Rickettsiae species:
      • Rickettsiae rickettsii: Rocky mountain spotted fever
      • Rickettsiae prowazekii: epidemic typhus
      • Rickettsiae typhi: murine/endemic typhus

    Chlamydia

    • Obligate intracellular parasites
    • Infect cells of mucous membranes, conjunctiva
    • Cause trachoma, leading cause of non-traumatic blindness
    • Can cause non-gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and pneumonia
    • Chlamydia pneumoniae:
      • Causes bronchitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia
      • Difficult to distinguish from Mycoplasma pneumonia

    Pathogenic Viruses

    • Herpes viruses:
      • Herpes simplex virus (HHV 1-2)
      • Varicella zoster virus (HHV 3)
      • Epstein-Barr virus (HHV 4)
      • Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
      • Roseoloviruses (HHV 6A, 6B, 7)
      • Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV 8)
    • Hepatitis viruses:
      • Hepatitis A, B, and C
    • Picornaviruses:
      • Cause common cold, hepatitis A
    • Human Papilloma Virus (HPV):
      • Causes genital warts, anogenital malignancies
    • Measles virus:
      • Causes measles, SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)
      • Highly contagious, spread by respiratory droplets### MMR Vaccine and Autism
    • Measles vaccine connection to autism was first suggested by a British gastroenterologist (now delicensed)
    • Diagnosis of autism is often made in the second year of life
    • Multiple studies have shown no association between the MMR vaccine and autism

    Influenza

    • Types A, B, and C
    • Segmented genome with 8 different RNA molecules
    • Spikes: Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)
    • Major antigens recognized by the immune system
    • Antigenic drift and shift:
      • Drift: small mutations making the host susceptible, requiring new vaccines each year
      • Shift: major mixing of RNAs, producing a new virus, potentially leading to pandemics

    Influenza Virus

    • Febrile respiratory disease with systemic symptoms
    • Attacks the respiratory tract, killing ciliated epithelial cells and allowing bacterial infections
    • Release of interferon causes symptoms
    • H antigen (hemagglutinin) for attachment
    • N antigen (neuraminidase) cuts off the sugar on the glycoprotein receptor, allowing new virions to escape

    Influenza Transmission and Treatment

    • Spread via aerosol (100,000 to 1,000,000 virions per droplet)
    • 18-72 hour incubation period
    • Body response: lots of interferon, side effects include fever, myalgia, fatigue, and malaise
    • Antibody induction: IgG and IgA, IgG less efficient but lasts longer
    • Major causes of influenza-associated death: bacterial pneumonia and cardiac failure, especially in those over 65 years of age

    Pathogenic Viruses

    • Herpes virus family: HHV1, HHV2, HHV3, HHV4, HHV5, HHV6, HHV7, and HHV8
    • Characteristics: ability to become latent, predilection for either nervous tissue or lymphocytes, and ability to cause cancer
    • Human herpes viruses: 9 routinely infect only humans

    Herpes Simplex (HHV1 and HHV2)

    • HHV1: oral, cold sores, flu-like symptoms
    • HHV2: genital, STI, and neonatal, painful, contagious sores on genitals
    • Latency: viruses enter nearby nerve cells, remain until activated by stress, cause disease, and then return
    • Spread and treatment: person-to-person by direct contact, spread within host by forming syncytia, escape immune system, acyclovir helps, but no cure, lifetime infection

    Varicella Zoster (HHV3)

    • Chickenpox: respiratory, disease becomes systemic with fever, malaise, skin lesions
    • Very contagious, usually mild, especially in children
    • Virus can become latent in nerves (DRG of spinal nerves) like Herpes simplex
    • Recurrence: shingles, rash, pain, covers dermatomal pattern, acyclovir can lessen symptoms

    Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV4)

    • Cause of infectious mononucleosis
    • Infects B cells and salivary glands
    • Spread by respiratory droplets, kissing
    • Sore throat, swollen glands and spleen, long-lasting fatigue
    • Lympho-civil war: cytotoxic T cells attack infected, altered B cells
    • Same virus causes B cell cancer (Burkitt's lymphoma) in Africa, and has some relationship to malaria exposure

    Cytomegalovirus (HHV5)

    • Infection results in enlarged cells
    • Widespread asymptomatic infections, latency
    • Virus shed in body fluids: sex, birth, transplants
    • Problem for unborn, immunosuppressed, transplant patients, major cause of viral-induced birth defects

    Roseoloviruses (HHV6 and HHV7)

    • Cause of Sixth disease (roseola infantum, exanthem subitum)
    • Classic presentation: fever of rapid onset followed by a rash, both lasting 3-5 days
    • Complications: febrile seizures, rare serious complications
    • Spread: usually through saliva of those who are otherwise healthy, but can also spread transplacentally during pregnancy

    Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (HHV8)

    • Causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients
    • The sarcoma is a cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels

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    Test your knowledge on miscellaneous pathogenic bacteria that do not have cell walls, require host cells, and are challenging to grow in lab settings. Explore specific bacteria like Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma known for their unique properties.

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