Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which statement is true about Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Which statement is true about Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
- It has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
- It requires numerous growth factors to grow. (correct)
- It stains purple in a Gram stain.
- It is easy to grow in a laboratory setting.
What is a characteristic feature of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What is a characteristic feature of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
- Replicates quickly in culture media.
- Forms long filaments. (correct)
- Contains a strong peptidoglycan layer.
- Has a thick capsule.
What differentiates Ureaplasma urealyticum from Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What differentiates Ureaplasma urealyticum from Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes urethritis.
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae is sexually transmitted.
- Ureaplasma urealyticum is urease negative.
- Ureaplasma urealyticum has a strong cytoplasmic membrane. (correct)
Why are Mycoplasmas difficult to treat with penicillins?
Why are Mycoplasmas difficult to treat with penicillins?
Which term refers to infections caused by agents other than N.gonorrhoeae?
Which term refers to infections caused by agents other than N.gonorrhoeae?
Why is Mycoplasma pneumoniae sometimes called 'walking pneumonia'?
Why is Mycoplasma pneumoniae sometimes called 'walking pneumonia'?
Which of the following is a notable property of Mycoplasmas?
Which of the following is a notable property of Mycoplasmas?
What is the primary host for Rickettsiae prowazekii?
What is the primary host for Rickettsiae prowazekii?
Which organism causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Which organism causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
What disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis strains affecting the eye and leading to blindness?
What disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis strains affecting the eye and leading to blindness?
What is the vector for murine/endemic typhus caused by Rickettsiae typhi?
What is the vector for murine/endemic typhus caused by Rickettsiae typhi?
Which characteristic is associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae?
Which characteristic is associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae?
What is the significance of the term 'typhus' in Greek language?
What is the significance of the term 'typhus' in Greek language?
'Adhesion Factors' are associated with which pathogen?
'Adhesion Factors' are associated with which pathogen?
What is a distinguishing feature of Mycoplasmas?
What is a distinguishing feature of Mycoplasmas?
Why are some Mycoplasma species referred to as obligate parasites?
Why are some Mycoplasma species referred to as obligate parasites?
Which term best describes the appearance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Which term best describes the appearance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What makes it challenging to grow some bacteria without cell walls in the lab?
What makes it challenging to grow some bacteria without cell walls in the lab?
What distinguishes Ureaplasma urealyticum from Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What distinguishes Ureaplasma urealyticum from Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Which statement is true about the Gram staining of some miscellaneous bacteria?
Which statement is true about the Gram staining of some miscellaneous bacteria?
What is the main reason why Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections sometimes lead to 'walking pneumonia'?
What is the main reason why Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections sometimes lead to 'walking pneumonia'?
What is a common consequence of damage to capillaries by Rickettsiae?
What is a common consequence of damage to capillaries by Rickettsiae?
Which disease is characterized by an extremely high fever, myalgia, and truncal dull red rash?
Which disease is characterized by an extremely high fever, myalgia, and truncal dull red rash?
What is the vector for the transmission of epidemic typhus caused by Rickettsiae prowazekii?
What is the vector for the transmission of epidemic typhus caused by Rickettsiae prowazekii?
In what type of conditions is epidemic typhus likely to spread, according to the text?
In what type of conditions is epidemic typhus likely to spread, according to the text?
Which pathogen causes non-traumatic blindness by infection and scarring of the conjunctiva leading to corneal damage?
Which pathogen causes non-traumatic blindness by infection and scarring of the conjunctiva leading to corneal damage?
Which disease is prevented in newborns with antibiotic drops/salve to avoid eye infections?
Which disease is prevented in newborns with antibiotic drops/salve to avoid eye infections?
What term describes the enlargement and potential rupture of lymph nodes in the genital region due to a specific infection?
What term describes the enlargement and potential rupture of lymph nodes in the genital region due to a specific infection?
What is the main mode of transmission for KSHV?
What is the main mode of transmission for KSHV?
Which virus causes Hepatitis B?
Which virus causes Hepatitis B?
What is a common symptom of Hepatitis infections?
What is a common symptom of Hepatitis infections?
Which statement is true about Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?
Which statement is true about Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?
What distinguishes Rhinoviruses from other Picornaviruses?
What distinguishes Rhinoviruses from other Picornaviruses?
How does Hepatitis A differ from Hepatitis B?
How does Hepatitis A differ from Hepatitis B?
Which type of HPV is most likely to cause anogenital malignancies?
Which type of HPV is most likely to cause anogenital malignancies?
Which virus belongs to the Herpes Virus family and is associated with causing cold sores?
Which virus belongs to the Herpes Virus family and is associated with causing cold sores?
Which RNA virus is associated with causing the common cold?
Which RNA virus is associated with causing the common cold?
Which type of virus is responsible for causing Smallpox?
Which type of virus is responsible for causing Smallpox?
Which DNA virus is commonly linked to cervical cancer?
Which DNA virus is commonly linked to cervical cancer?
Which RNA virus is primarily responsible for causing AIDS?
Which RNA virus is primarily responsible for causing AIDS?
How is measles primarily transmitted from person to person?
How is measles primarily transmitted from person to person?
What is the role of Hemagglutinin in measles virus infection?
What is the role of Hemagglutinin in measles virus infection?
What is the communicability period of measles, according to the text?
What is the communicability period of measles, according to the text?
Which characteristic is associated with Measles virus infection?
Which characteristic is associated with Measles virus infection?
What is a significant sign or symptom of Measles infection?
What is a significant sign or symptom of Measles infection?
What is the typical temporal pattern of Measles outbreaks?
What is the typical temporal pattern of Measles outbreaks?
In what manner does Measles virus cause a rash on the skin?
In what manner does Measles virus cause a rash on the skin?
'Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis' (SSPE) following Measles infection is characterized by what symptoms?
'Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis' (SSPE) following Measles infection is characterized by what symptoms?
What is the primary cause of influenza virus-associated death in individuals over 65 years of age?
What is the primary cause of influenza virus-associated death in individuals over 65 years of age?
Which protein of the influenza virus is responsible for cutting off sugars on glycoprotein receptors to allow new virions to escape from infected cells?
Which protein of the influenza virus is responsible for cutting off sugars on glycoprotein receptors to allow new virions to escape from infected cells?
What causes sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics of influenza due to small mutations that make hosts susceptible?
What causes sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics of influenza due to small mutations that make hosts susceptible?
Which major antigens of the influenza virus are recognized by the immune system?
Which major antigens of the influenza virus are recognized by the immune system?
What is the purpose of the protein Neuraminidase (NA) in the influenza virus?
What is the purpose of the protein Neuraminidase (NA) in the influenza virus?
Which characteristic differentiates Influenza virus A, B, and C?
Which characteristic differentiates Influenza virus A, B, and C?
What property of Influenza viruses necessitates the development of a new vaccine each year?
What property of Influenza viruses necessitates the development of a new vaccine each year?
What is the purpose of Hemagglutinin (HA) in the Influenza virus?
What is the purpose of Hemagglutinin (HA) in the Influenza virus?
How does a virus depend on the host cell during infection?
How does a virus depend on the host cell during infection?
What is a common characteristic of human herpes viruses (HHV) as a family?
What is a common characteristic of human herpes viruses (HHV) as a family?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Varicella and Zoster (HHV3) viruses?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Varicella and Zoster (HHV3) viruses?
How does Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) differ from other herpes viruses in its impact?
How does Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) differ from other herpes viruses in its impact?
What differentiates Roseoloviruses (HHV-6A, 6B, 7) from other members of the Herpes family?
What differentiates Roseoloviruses (HHV-6A, 6B, 7) from other members of the Herpes family?
What is the significant consequence of CMV (HHV5) infection during pregnancy?
What is the significant consequence of CMV (HHV5) infection during pregnancy?
How do syncytia assist in the spread of certain viruses within the host?
How do syncytia assist in the spread of certain viruses within the host?
What makes Acyclovir a commonly used treatment for some viral infections like Varicella and Zoster?
What makes Acyclovir a commonly used treatment for some viral infections like Varicella and Zoster?
Which virus belongs to the Herpes Virus family and is associated with causing chickenpox and shingles?
Which virus belongs to the Herpes Virus family and is associated with causing chickenpox and shingles?
What is a common symptom associated with Hepatitis infections?
What is a common symptom associated with Hepatitis infections?
Which virus is primarily responsible for causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
Which virus is primarily responsible for causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
What distinguishes Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) among the viruses listed?
What distinguishes Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) among the viruses listed?
Which virus is an example of a Double Stranded Enveloped DNA Virus?
Which virus is an example of a Double Stranded Enveloped DNA Virus?
What is a characteristic that differentiates Coronavirus from Rhinovirus among RNA viruses?
What is a characteristic that differentiates Coronavirus from Rhinovirus among RNA viruses?
What makes Measles a highly contagious disease?
What makes Measles a highly contagious disease?
'Sore throat, fever, and cough' are commonly associated with infections caused by which virus?
'Sore throat, fever, and cough' are commonly associated with infections caused by which virus?
How is Hepatitis B primarily transmitted?
How is Hepatitis B primarily transmitted?
What role does bilirubin play in Hepatitis infections?
What role does bilirubin play in Hepatitis infections?
How does the incubation period of Hepatitis A compare to that of Hepatitis B?
How does the incubation period of Hepatitis A compare to that of Hepatitis B?
What distinguishes the transmission mode of Hepatitis C compared to Hepatitis A and B?
What distinguishes the transmission mode of Hepatitis C compared to Hepatitis A and B?
In what way is the long-term impact of Rhinoviruses different from that of Picornaviruses causing Hepatitis?
In what way is the long-term impact of Rhinoviruses different from that of Picornaviruses causing Hepatitis?
What differentiates the vaccination approach for Hepatitis B from the one for Rhinoviruses?
What differentiates the vaccination approach for Hepatitis B from the one for Rhinoviruses?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Measles virus?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Measles virus?
Which best describes the type of genetic material found in Morbillivirus?
Which best describes the type of genetic material found in Morbillivirus?
What is the main portal of entry for Measles virus into the human body?
What is the main portal of entry for Measles virus into the human body?
Which feature makes Measles highly communicable among susceptible persons?
Which feature makes Measles highly communicable among susceptible persons?
What differentiates Maculopapular rash from other types of rashes?
What differentiates Maculopapular rash from other types of rashes?
What is the primary reservoir for Measles virus?
What is the primary reservoir for Measles virus?
Which immune system component does the measles virus primarily target and destroy?
Which immune system component does the measles virus primarily target and destroy?
What symptom is characteristic of Measles infection and appears in the mouth as tiny grains surrounded by a red ring?
What symptom is characteristic of Measles infection and appears in the mouth as tiny grains surrounded by a red ring?
Which of the following is the primary reason why the Influenza virus requires a new vaccine each year?
Which of the following is the primary reason why the Influenza virus requires a new vaccine each year?
What is the main role of Neuraminidase in the Influenza virus?
What is the main role of Neuraminidase in the Influenza virus?
What differentiates Orthomyxovirus Type C from Types A and B?
What differentiates Orthomyxovirus Type C from Types A and B?
What is the significance of antigenic drift in the Influenza virus?
What is the significance of antigenic drift in the Influenza virus?
Which statement best describes the nature of sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics in relation to Influenza viruses?
Which statement best describes the nature of sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics in relation to Influenza viruses?
Which component of the Influenza virus is recognized as a major antigen by the immune system?
Which component of the Influenza virus is recognized as a major antigen by the immune system?
What causes the immune response to no longer fully protect individuals during sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics of Influenza?
What causes the immune response to no longer fully protect individuals during sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics of Influenza?
Which characteristic distinguishes Influenza virus A from types B and C?
Which characteristic distinguishes Influenza virus A from types B and C?
How do human herpes viruses (HHV) typically spread within the host?
How do human herpes viruses (HHV) typically spread within the host?
What is characteristic of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HHV2) infection?
What is characteristic of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HHV2) infection?
What is a common characteristic of Varicella (HHV 3) infection in children?
What is a common characteristic of Varicella (HHV 3) infection in children?
How does Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV 4) primarily spread?
How does Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV 4) primarily spread?
What distinguishes Cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV5) infections from others in the Herpes family?
What distinguishes Cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV5) infections from others in the Herpes family?
What is a common symptom associated with Roseoloviruses (HHV-6A, 6B, 7) infection?
What is a common symptom associated with Roseoloviruses (HHV-6A, 6B, 7) infection?
What makes Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) unique within the Herpes family?
What makes Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) unique within the Herpes family?
'Herpes roster' refers to which characteristic of Human herpes viruses (HHV)?
'Herpes roster' refers to which characteristic of Human herpes viruses (HHV)?
Study Notes
Miscellaneous Bacteria
- Bacteria without cell walls, such as Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma, require host cells to survive
- Most are difficult to grow in the lab and stain pink in a Gram stain
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae:
- Small, pleomorphic (cocci to filaments)
- No cell wall, but has sterols in its membrane
- Requires numerous growth factors to grow
- Causes walking pneumonia
- Can't be treated with penicillins
- Ureaplasma urealyticum:
- Sexually transmitted, causes urethritis
- Also known as NGU (Non-gonococcal urethritis)
- Causes infections similar to M. pneumoniae
Rickettsiae
- Obligate intracellular parasites
- Infect endothelial cells lining blood vessels, avoiding digestion in lysosomes
- Have LPS, generate fever
- Cause damage to capillaries, depriving organs of oxygen
- Rickettsiae species:
- Rickettsiae rickettsii: Rocky mountain spotted fever
- Rickettsiae prowazekii: epidemic typhus
- Rickettsiae typhi: murine/endemic typhus
Chlamydia
- Obligate intracellular parasites
- Infect cells of mucous membranes, conjunctiva
- Cause trachoma, leading cause of non-traumatic blindness
- Can cause non-gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and pneumonia
- Chlamydia pneumoniae:
- Causes bronchitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia
- Difficult to distinguish from Mycoplasma pneumonia
Pathogenic Viruses
- Herpes viruses:
- Herpes simplex virus (HHV 1-2)
- Varicella zoster virus (HHV 3)
- Epstein-Barr virus (HHV 4)
- Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
- Roseoloviruses (HHV 6A, 6B, 7)
- Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV 8)
- Hepatitis viruses:
- Hepatitis A, B, and C
- Picornaviruses:
- Cause common cold, hepatitis A
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV):
- Causes genital warts, anogenital malignancies
- Measles virus:
- Causes measles, SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)
- Highly contagious, spread by respiratory droplets### MMR Vaccine and Autism
- Measles vaccine connection to autism was first suggested by a British gastroenterologist (now delicensed)
- Diagnosis of autism is often made in the second year of life
- Multiple studies have shown no association between the MMR vaccine and autism
Influenza
- Types A, B, and C
- Segmented genome with 8 different RNA molecules
- Spikes: Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)
- Major antigens recognized by the immune system
- Antigenic drift and shift:
- Drift: small mutations making the host susceptible, requiring new vaccines each year
- Shift: major mixing of RNAs, producing a new virus, potentially leading to pandemics
Influenza Virus
- Febrile respiratory disease with systemic symptoms
- Attacks the respiratory tract, killing ciliated epithelial cells and allowing bacterial infections
- Release of interferon causes symptoms
- H antigen (hemagglutinin) for attachment
- N antigen (neuraminidase) cuts off the sugar on the glycoprotein receptor, allowing new virions to escape
Influenza Transmission and Treatment
- Spread via aerosol (100,000 to 1,000,000 virions per droplet)
- 18-72 hour incubation period
- Body response: lots of interferon, side effects include fever, myalgia, fatigue, and malaise
- Antibody induction: IgG and IgA, IgG less efficient but lasts longer
- Major causes of influenza-associated death: bacterial pneumonia and cardiac failure, especially in those over 65 years of age
Pathogenic Viruses
- Herpes virus family: HHV1, HHV2, HHV3, HHV4, HHV5, HHV6, HHV7, and HHV8
- Characteristics: ability to become latent, predilection for either nervous tissue or lymphocytes, and ability to cause cancer
- Human herpes viruses: 9 routinely infect only humans
Herpes Simplex (HHV1 and HHV2)
- HHV1: oral, cold sores, flu-like symptoms
- HHV2: genital, STI, and neonatal, painful, contagious sores on genitals
- Latency: viruses enter nearby nerve cells, remain until activated by stress, cause disease, and then return
- Spread and treatment: person-to-person by direct contact, spread within host by forming syncytia, escape immune system, acyclovir helps, but no cure, lifetime infection
Varicella Zoster (HHV3)
- Chickenpox: respiratory, disease becomes systemic with fever, malaise, skin lesions
- Very contagious, usually mild, especially in children
- Virus can become latent in nerves (DRG of spinal nerves) like Herpes simplex
- Recurrence: shingles, rash, pain, covers dermatomal pattern, acyclovir can lessen symptoms
Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV4)
- Cause of infectious mononucleosis
- Infects B cells and salivary glands
- Spread by respiratory droplets, kissing
- Sore throat, swollen glands and spleen, long-lasting fatigue
- Lympho-civil war: cytotoxic T cells attack infected, altered B cells
- Same virus causes B cell cancer (Burkitt's lymphoma) in Africa, and has some relationship to malaria exposure
Cytomegalovirus (HHV5)
- Infection results in enlarged cells
- Widespread asymptomatic infections, latency
- Virus shed in body fluids: sex, birth, transplants
- Problem for unborn, immunosuppressed, transplant patients, major cause of viral-induced birth defects
Roseoloviruses (HHV6 and HHV7)
- Cause of Sixth disease (roseola infantum, exanthem subitum)
- Classic presentation: fever of rapid onset followed by a rash, both lasting 3-5 days
- Complications: febrile seizures, rare serious complications
- Spread: usually through saliva of those who are otherwise healthy, but can also spread transplacentally during pregnancy
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (HHV8)
- Causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients
- The sarcoma is a cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels
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Description
Test your knowledge on miscellaneous pathogenic bacteria that do not have cell walls, require host cells, and are challenging to grow in lab settings. Explore specific bacteria like Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma known for their unique properties.
