Microbiology Midterm Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

  • Phyrophytes-paralytic shellfish poisoning (correct)
  • All organisms are single-celled
  • Koch's postulates do apply to all diseases
  • Escherichia Coli causes nosocomial infections

    • Koch's postulates don't apply to all diseases because:

    some diseases are caused by more than one microorganism.

    The LD50 is a dose that will:

    kill 50% of the test population.

    A nosocomial infection is acquired during the course of:

    <p>hospitalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of:

    <p>the amount of oxygen present in a water sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the codon for the following amino acid sequence of ACA?

    <p>UGU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three cells with generation times of 20 minutes are inoculated into a culture medium. How many cells are there after 3 hours? A. 1072 B. 1152 C. 768 D. 1244 E. None of the above

    <p>1152</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is constructed of:

    <p>two strands of corresponding nucleotides held by hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A culture medium consisting of ingredients which can be written as a chemical formula is a:

    <p>chemically defined medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most pathogens that gain access through the skin:

    <p>enter through hair follicles and sweat ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a fomite?

    <p>A used hypodermic needle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major significance of Robert Koch's work was that:

    <p>he established criteria for linking specific pathogens to diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is responsible for the most cases of a nosocomial infection?

    <p>Escherichia Coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are true about protozoans EXCEPT:

    <p>They are all free-living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common route of accidental AIDS transmissions to health care workers is through:

    <p>needlestick.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteriophages and animal viruses do NOT differ significantly in which of the following?

    <p>their replication strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about glycocalyx?

    <p>It is used to repel itself from cell surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is generally NOT true of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>They reproduce by mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following groups of algae produce compounds that are toxic to humans EXCEPT:

    <p>Green algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following arthropods transmit diseases which suck blood from a human host EXCEPT:

    <p>Houseflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third step during the multiplication of Herpes viruses?

    <p>Uncoating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about viral spikes?

    <p>They are used for penetration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of culturing viruses?

    <p>On synthetic agar plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ringworm is caused by a:

    <p>Ascomycete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following statements regarding helminths are true EXCEPT:

    <p>They are always sexually reproductive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most effective control for malaria?

    <p>Chemotherapeutic drug intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tapeworms eat?

    <p>Intestinal contents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A viroid is:

    <p>a naked, infectious piece of RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following ways do viruses differ from bacteria?

    <p>Viruses are not composed of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following provides the most significant support for the idea that viruses are non-living chemicals?

    <p>They cannot produce ATP outside of a host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following statements about algae are true EXCEPT:

    <p>They are only multicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses that have reverse transcriptase are in the:

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yeast infections are caused by:

    <p>Candida albicans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continuous cell lines differ from primary cell lines in that:

    <p>they can be maintained through an indefinite number of generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you know the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which one of the following could you determine with the most accuracy?

    <p>the primary structure of the protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient bacterial cell by:

    <p>naked DNA in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are direct methods to measure microbial growth EXCEPT:

    <p>Visual observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The addition of which of the following to a culture medium will neutralize acids?

    <p>Buffers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total molecules of ATP can be generated from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water?

    <ol start="36"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration in which of the following aspects?

    <p>The final electron acceptors are different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>They lack membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To a microbiologist, fermentation is best defined as:

    <p>all metabolic processes that produce energy under anaerobic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?

    <p>Ribosomes - protein storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about gram-negative cell walls?

    <p>They are sensitive to penicillin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the plasma cell membrane?

    <p>Maintains cell shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You have a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. From the data presented, you can assume:

    <p>it is a prokaryotic organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about a gram-positive cell wall?

    <p>It protects the cell in a hypotonic solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fimbriae and pili differ in that pili:

    <p>are used to transfer DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism has bacteriochlorophylls and uses alcohols for carbon?

    <p>Photoheterotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a structure found in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a chemical component of a bacterial cell wall?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism uses glucose for carbon and energy?

    <p>Chemoheterotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are found in:

    <p>chromatophores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an end-product of fermentation?

    <p>Pyruvic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

    <p>Mosquito - ringworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyanobacteria are an example of what type of organism?

    <p>Photoautotroph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs are mismatched?

    <p>Coenocytic - possess cross walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is incorrect?

    <p>Secondary infection - a long-lasting illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct wastewater treatment for maintaining residual chlorine?

    <p>Tertiary sewage treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endotoxins are defined as:

    <p>part of the gram-negative cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mechanical transmission of a disease differs from biological transmission in that mechanical transmission:

    <p>does not involve specific diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a reservoir of infection?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called:

    <p>epidemiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Since botulism is caused by a bacterial exotoxin, it should easily be prevented by:

    <p>boiling food prior to consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens is the:

    <p>mucous membrane of the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection?

    <p>Botulism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All injectable drugs are tested for endotoxin contamination by:

    <p>the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the correct wastewater treatment for removal of BOD?

    <p>Secondary sewage treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection can be caused by septicemia?

    <p>systematic infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A commensal bacterium:

    <p>may be an opportunistic pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about viruses?

    <p>They can reproduce independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following statements regarding fungi are true EXCEPT:

    <p>They lack cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology Key Concepts

    • Phyrophytes & Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: Phyrophytes are linked to paralyzing types of shellfish poisoning, important for food safety.

    • Microorganisms and Diseases: Not all diseases stem from microorganisms; for instance, diseases may have genetic, environmental or lifestyle factors.

    • LD50: Refers to the lethal dose required to kill 50% of a test population, crucial for determining toxicity levels of substances.

    • Nosocomial Infections: These infections are acquired during hospitalization, highlighting the importance of infection control in medical settings.

    • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): Measures the amount of oxygen in a water sample, indicating the level of organic pollution.

    • Codon Translation: Understanding genetic codes for amino acids is key in molecular biology; UGU corresponds to a specific amino acid.

    • Cell Division Calculation: In cultures, calculating cell generation involves exponential growth; after 3 hours, use the formula based on generation time.

    • DNA Structure: Comprised of two strands held by hydrogen bonds between corresponding nucleotides, forming the double helix structure.

    • Chemically Defined Medium: A culture medium where ingredients can be specified with a chemical formula, essential for microbiological experiments.

    • Pathogen Entry Routes: Many pathogens enter through skin imperfections, utilizing hair follicles and sweat ducts.

    • Fomites: Inanimate objects like used hypodermic needles can transmit pathogens, illustrating the role of surfaces in disease spread.

    • Robert Koch's Work: Established a framework demonstrating specific microorganisms cause particular diseases, foundational in germ theory.

    • Escherichia Coli: A leading bacterial cause of nosocomial infections, underlining its significance in healthcare contexts.

    • Protozoan Characteristics: Protozoans exhibit diverse traits; knowing the exceptions helps in understanding parasitology.

    • Needlestick Injuries: The most common route for healthcare workers to contract AIDS, emphasizing the risks involved in medical procedures.

    • Bacteriophages vs. Animal Viruses: These two differ minimally in biosynthesis, crucial for virology.

    • Glycocalyx Function: Acts to protect cells but does not repel itself from surfaces, which is a common misconception.

    • Prokaryotes and Mitosis: Prokaryotic cells typically do not reproduce by mitosis, which sets them apart from eukaryotic cells.

    • Toxic Algae: Green algae are not known for producing human-toxic compounds, distinguishing them from other algal groups.

    • Vector Transmission: Houseflies do not engage in blood-sucking like some arthropods, a critical factor in understanding disease vectors.

    • Herpes Virus Multiplication: The process includes various steps; uncoating is one phase in the viral life cycle.

    • Viral Spikes: These structures are not primarily for penetration, adjusting previous notions about viral entry mechanisms.

    • Culturing Methods for Viruses: Different techniques exist to culture viruses; some approaches are not suitable.

    • Ringworm Causation: Caused by Ascomycetes, signifying the need for mycology studies in health.

    • Helminths Characteristics: Not all helminth statements are true; understanding their biological roles is critical.

    • Malaria Control: Chemotherapeutic approaches are the most effective strategy against malaria transmission.

    • Tapeworm Nutrition: Predominantly absorbing nutrients from intestinal contents, emphasizing the unique digestive mechanics of parasitic worms.

    • Viroid Composition: Defined as naked infectious RNA, which operates differently than traditional viruses.

    • Viruses vs. Bacteria: Viruses lack cellular composition, marking a significant distinction from bacterial organisms.

    • Non-Living Viruses: Cannot generate ATP outside a host, supporting theories on viral classification as non-living entities.

    • Algae Misconceptions: Not all algae are unicellular; this challenges a widespread assumption regarding algae classification.

    • Reverse Transcriptase Viruses: Hepadnaviridae and retroviridae families include viruses that utilize reverse transcriptase in their replication.

    • Yeast Infection Causation: Candida albicans is a common etiological agent for yeast infections, relevant in mycology studies.

    • Continuous vs. Primary Cell Lines: Continuous cell lines can replicate indefinitely, unlike primary cell lines, essential for cell culture research.

    • Protein Primary Structure: Sequence knowledge allows for accurate predictions about a protein’s primary structure.

    • Transformation in Bacteria: Defined as DNA uptake from the environment, a method of genetic change and adaptation.

    • Microbial Growth Measurement: Indirect methods are typically used to assess microbial growth; understanding the techniques is essential for microbiology.

    • Buffers in Media: Help neutralize acids, a vital function for maintaining pH in culture media.

    • ATP Production: One glucose molecule can yield a maximum of 36 ATP molecules upon complete oxidation.

    • Respiration Types: Differentiation between aerobic and anaerobic respiration hinges on electron acceptor types.

    • Prokaryotic Characteristics: They lack membrane-bound organelles, a defining trait differentiating them from eukaryotic cells.

    • Fermentation Definition: Describes a broad spectrum of microbial metabolic processes, pivotal in microbiological studies.

    • Ribosome Function: Study the roles and misattributions related to ribosomes in protein storage and synthesis.

    • Gram-Negative Cell Walls: Not all statements about gram-negative cell walls are accurate; understanding their structure is vital in microbiology.

    • Plasma Membrane Functions: Essential for maintaining cell shape and structural integrity in various environments.

    • Motile Cells with No Nucleus: Presence of a cell wall indicates a prokaryotic identity, essential in classification.

    • Gram-Positive Cell Wall: It protects cells in hypotonic environments, emphasizing the wall's role in osmoregulation.

    • Differences in Fimbriae and Pili: While both are used for DNA transfer, their distinct functions ought to be recognized.

    • Photoheterotrophic Characteristics: Organisms like certain bacteria that utilize bacteriochlorophylls are recognized for their unique energy sourcing.

    • Prokaryotic Cell Structures: Cilia are not present in prokaryotic cells, marking a fundamental cellular feature differentiation.

    • Bacterial Cell Wall Composition: Cellulose is not a chemical component within bacterial cell walls, important for understanding cell structure.

    • Chemoheterotroph Definition: These organisms utilize glucose as their primary carbon and energy source, crucial in ecology.

    • Photosynthetic Pigments in Bacteria: Found in chromatophores, indicating the adaptation of bacteria to perform photosynthesis.

    • Fermentation End Products: Investigating metabolic end products reveals that pyruvic acid is not always generated during fermentation.

    • Mismatched Pairing: Awareness of errors in pairs, like mosquito and ringworm, enhances critical analysis in disease study.

    • Cyanobacteria Characteristics: Serve as an example of photoautotrophs, important for studying photosynthesis.

    • Coenocytic Structures: Understanding fungal structural classifications supports broader biological concepts.

    • Long-lasting Illness Confusion: Misunderstanding terms like secondary infection leads to inaccuracies in disease characterizations.

    • Wastewater Treatment: Effective techniques, like tertiary treatment, maintain chlorine levels for water quality.

    • Endotoxins: Involves components of the gram-negative cell wall, significant in understanding bacterial pathogenicity.

    • Transmission Mechanisms: Mechanical vs. biological transmission indicates different pathways of disease spread.

    • Reservoirs of Infection: Identifying non-reservoirs, such as hospitals, aids in infection control and public health strategies.

    • Epidemiology Definition: The study of disease occurrences and transmission methods, essential for public health planning.

    • Botulism Prevention: Proper food handling practices effectively reduce the risk of botulism, emphasizing food safety measures.

    • Pathogen Entry Points: Respiratory tract membranes represent a primary route for pathogens, vital for infection control measures.

    • Diseases and Transmission Types: Botulism does not transmit via droplets, informing clinical awareness about disease vectors.

    • Endotoxin Testing: Employing the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test ensures drug safety concerning endotoxin contamination.

    • BOD Removal in Waste Treatment: Secondary sewage treatment is crucial for effective BOD reduction in wastewater processes.

    • Septicemia and Infections: Systematic infections can arise from septicemia, indicating the severity of infection pathways.

    • Commensal Bacteria: Such bacteria may act as opportunistic pathogens under certain conditions, warranting further research.

    • Viruses and Enzymatic Activity: Unlike cells, viruses do not possess their own metabolic enzymes, distinguishing them from living organisms.

    • Fungi Characteristics: Understanding the morphology of fungi helps clarify misconceptions regarding characteristics in the field.

    These notes encapsulate fundamental concepts and terms in microbiology, aiding in the understanding of disease mechanisms, pathogen interactions, and microbial characteristics.

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    Prepare for your microbiology midterm with these flashcards. Each card presents key terms and definitions you need to understand for your exam. Test your knowledge on concepts like Koch's postulates and definitions of nosocomial infections.

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