Podcast
Questions and Answers
In a hypotonic environment, a bacterial cell with a cell wall will undergo which of the following?
In a hypotonic environment, a bacterial cell with a cell wall will undergo which of the following?
- Plasmolysis
- Swell and burst
- Swell but not burst (correct)
- No change
Which of the following is a primary function of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology?
Which of the following is a primary function of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology?
- To serve as a tool for bacterial classification (correct)
- To provide historical accounts of early microbiologists
- To list all known bacterial pathogens and their treatments
- To offer detailed protocols for staining techniques
A patient that has recently travelled to Africa is experiencing fatigue, coughing, trouble breathing, and fever. You see the following bacteria in a carbolfuschin-stained sputum sample from the patient. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent of your patient’s illness?
A patient that has recently travelled to Africa is experiencing fatigue, coughing, trouble breathing, and fever. You see the following bacteria in a carbolfuschin-stained sputum sample from the patient. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent of your patient’s illness?
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Escherichia coli
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (correct)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
What would happen to a protozoan cell (with no cell wall) placed into a hypertonic environment?
What would happen to a protozoan cell (with no cell wall) placed into a hypertonic environment?
Current phylogenetic analyses incorporate data from which of the following sources?
Current phylogenetic analyses incorporate data from which of the following sources?
Which of the following best describes why viruses are excluded from phylogenetic trees that include cellular life?
Which of the following best describes why viruses are excluded from phylogenetic trees that include cellular life?
Assuming the depicted bacterial cells have flagella, the arrangement shown here would be classified as which of the following?
Assuming the depicted bacterial cells have flagella, the arrangement shown here would be classified as which of the following?
What is the primary role of Escherichia coli in the human digestive system?
What is the primary role of Escherichia coli in the human digestive system?
Which of the following statements is true regarding bacterial strains?
Which of the following statements is true regarding bacterial strains?
Which of the following is a shared characteristic of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?
Which of the following is a shared characteristic of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?
If the solute concentration is greater outside the cell than inside the cell, the solution is considered which of the following?
If the solute concentration is greater outside the cell than inside the cell, the solution is considered which of the following?
During which of the following conditions would sporulation generally occur?
During which of the following conditions would sporulation generally occur?
Which of the following cell wall components is unique to acid-fast bacteria?
Which of the following cell wall components is unique to acid-fast bacteria?
Which of the following refers to all microorganisms in a certain region of the human body?
Which of the following refers to all microorganisms in a certain region of the human body?
Which of the following correctly pairs a disease with its causative agent?
Which of the following correctly pairs a disease with its causative agent?
Which of the following groups of bacteria is known to produce more kinds of protein toxins than any other bacterial genus?
Which of the following groups of bacteria is known to produce more kinds of protein toxins than any other bacterial genus?
Which of the following is an example of commensalism involving bacteria in the human body?
Which of the following is an example of commensalism involving bacteria in the human body?
Which of the following best describes the bacteria Mycoplasma?
Which of the following best describes the bacteria Mycoplasma?
Which of the following is true about the process of fermentation?
Which of the following is true about the process of fermentation?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of horizontal gene transfer?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of horizontal gene transfer?
Which of the following would be the most effective target for an anti-fungal medication?
Which of the following would be the most effective target for an anti-fungal medication?
Which of the following is the correct format for the scientific name of a bacterial species?
Which of the following is the correct format for the scientific name of a bacterial species?
When classifying a newly discovered bacterium, which characteristics would traditionally be used?
When classifying a newly discovered bacterium, which characteristics would traditionally be used?
How do bacteria and viruses typically compare in size?
How do bacteria and viruses typically compare in size?
What distinguishes obligate intracellular pathogens from other types of pathogens?
What distinguishes obligate intracellular pathogens from other types of pathogens?
During the Gram-stain procedure, Gram-negative bacteria appear which color after the counterstain (safranin) is applied?
During the Gram-stain procedure, Gram-negative bacteria appear which color after the counterstain (safranin) is applied?
What component defines gram-positive bacteria?
What component defines gram-positive bacteria?
What discovery did Carl Woese and George Fox use to build their phylogenetic tree?
What discovery did Carl Woese and George Fox use to build their phylogenetic tree?
The resident microbiota are best defined as:
The resident microbiota are best defined as:
Following an injury, which of the following bacterial arrangements would be most concerning for a deep wound infection?
Following an injury, which of the following bacterial arrangements would be most concerning for a deep wound infection?
Fusobacterium are the most common bacterial genus found where?
Fusobacterium are the most common bacterial genus found where?
If a patient has bacterial meningitis, which arrangement of bacteria is most likely to be observed in their cerebral spinal fluid?
If a patient has bacterial meningitis, which arrangement of bacteria is most likely to be observed in their cerebral spinal fluid?
How will the shape and cell wall of Bacteroides appear microscopically?
How will the shape and cell wall of Bacteroides appear microscopically?
Which component is exclusive to Gram-negative cells and not Gram-positive cells?
Which component is exclusive to Gram-negative cells and not Gram-positive cells?
Which step of the Gram-stain procedure differentiates Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria?
Which step of the Gram-stain procedure differentiates Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria?
A cell wall is shown. Complete the Fill-in-the-blanks. #1 layer of peptidoglycan. #2 layer of peptidoglycan #3 teichoic acid.
A cell wall is shown. Complete the Fill-in-the-blanks. #1 layer of peptidoglycan. #2 layer of peptidoglycan #3 teichoic acid.
Which of these statements refers to microbes that are non-culturable?
Which of these statements refers to microbes that are non-culturable?
A bacteria requires only a small amount of nutrients and is able to survive where there are low amounts available. How is this best described?
A bacteria requires only a small amount of nutrients and is able to survive where there are low amounts available. How is this best described?
What does this statement mean in laymans terms? "The gram-negative nonproteobacteria genera Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides, are classified together as a phylum and called the CFB group."
What does this statement mean in laymans terms? "The gram-negative nonproteobacteria genera Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides, are classified together as a phylum and called the CFB group."
What are 3 descriptions of the bacteria Chlamydia sp?
What are 3 descriptions of the bacteria Chlamydia sp?
Which of the following describes the bacteria Helicobacter pylori?
Which of the following describes the bacteria Helicobacter pylori?
Flashcards
Petri plate
Petri plate
A container used to grow microbial cultures.
Alga
Alga
A type of microorganism that is photosynthetic.
Protozoa
Protozoa
Diverse organisms that move using cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia.
Viral Genetics
Viral Genetics
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Bergey’s Manual
Bergey’s Manual
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Taxonomy
Taxonomy
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Bacterial Cell in Hypotonic Solution
Bacterial Cell in Hypotonic Solution
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Flagella Structure
Flagella Structure
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Bacterial Cell in Hypertonic Solution
Bacterial Cell in Hypertonic Solution
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Sporulation
Sporulation
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Prokaryotes are ubiquitous
Prokaryotes are ubiquitous
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Oligotrophs
Oligotrophs
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Bacterial Strains
Bacterial Strains
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Fungi Cell Walls
Fungi Cell Walls
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Current Phylogenetic Analyses
Current Phylogenetic Analyses
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Protozoology
Protozoology
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capsules
capsules
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Protozoan Cell in Hypertonic
Protozoan Cell in Hypertonic
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Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
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Hansen’s Disease
Hansen’s Disease
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high G+C bacteria
high G+C bacteria
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obligate intracellular
obligate intracellular
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Source of Vitamin K
Source of Vitamin K
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Virus
Virus
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Fermentation by Yeast
Fermentation by Yeast
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Immunology
Immunology
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bacteria Cell Wall
bacteria Cell Wall
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Normal, active form of bacterial cells.
Normal, active form of bacterial cells.
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Enterococcus
Enterococcus
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effect of pure water IV
effect of pure water IV
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Gram-Positive LPS
Gram-Positive LPS
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Streptococcus
Streptococcus
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Microbiota
Microbiota
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Media
Media
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Microbe transfer tool:
Microbe transfer tool:
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Hypertonic
Hypertonic
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prokaryotes
prokaryotes
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Example of Colon Consumption oxygen by Bacteria
Example of Colon Consumption oxygen by Bacteria
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Human microbiome
Human microbiome
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Normal Vaginal Microbiota
Normal Vaginal Microbiota
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Study Notes
- A Petri plate is a container used to grow microbial cultures.
- Algae are photosynthetic microorganisms.
- Protozoa are a diverse group of organisms that move using cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia.
- Viruses can contain either DNA or RNA, but not both.
- Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is a reference for bacterial classification.
- Taxonomy is the science of identifying, naming, and classifying living organisms.
- When a bacterial cell with a cell wall is placed in a hypotonic environment, it will swell but not burst.
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella have different structures.
- Staphylococcus epidermidis matches the description from the image provided.
- A bacterial cell with a cell wall in a hypertonic environment will undergo plasmolysis.
- Sporulation generally occurs when conditions are unfavorable or nutrients are insufficient.
- The bacterial species found associated with the human body vary from one individual to another.
- Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, meaning they can be found in virtually every habitat on Earth.
- All Alphaproteobacteria are oligotrophs.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most likely causative agent for a patient with fatigue, coughing, trouble breathing, and fever who recently traveled to Africa with the provided bacteria in a carbolfuschin-stained sputum sample.
- Mycoplasma are genera containing cells that are relatively small and pleomorphic.
- Microbiota refers to all microorganisms in a certain region of the human body.
- Clostridium perfringens is the most likely causative agent when, in a Gram-stained tissue sample from a necrotic wound of a patient, the bacteria provided are present.
- Bacterial strains are closely related subtypes within a bacterial species that may or may not have similar properties.
- Chitin cell walls are characteristic of fungi.
- The image illustrates spirillum bacteria.
- Current phylogenetic analyses include morphological, genetic, and biochemical data.
- Protozoology is the study of protozoa.
- The bacteria of the image are capable of forming capsules.
- Exposure to air is not always necessary for microbial growth.
- Eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are different, so drugs will not affect both.
- If a protozoan cell is placed in a hypertonic environment, water will flow out, and the cell will shrivel.
- A gram-positive bacterium in a medium without antibiotics could best survive in a hypotonic environment.
- Bacterial cell walls are primarily composed of peptidoglycan.
- If a protozoan cell is placed into distilled water, water would flow into the cell, causing it to lyse.
- M. leprae causes Hansen’s disease.
- Enterococcus contains cells that are pairs of cocci, but not chains.
- Actinobacteria is a gram-positive group that includes the high G+C bacteria.
- Spirochetes are generally difficult to culture in the laboratory.
- Chlamydias and rickettsias are obligate intracellular pathogens.
- Escherichia coli in the digestive tract produces vitamin K.
- Viruses are acellular.
- Fermentation by yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide gas.
- Immunology is the study of how antibodies are released in response to a pathogen.
- The image depicts the cell wall of Mycobacteria.
- If a patient receives an IV of pure water instead of 0.9% saline (isotonic), the patient’s red blood cells will likely swell and burst.
- The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria does not contain LPS.
- The normal, active form of bacterial cells is vegetative.
- The image depicts the cell wall of fungi.
- Fusobacterium spp. sometimes causes periodontitis and ulcers.
- The genus Escherichia belongs to Gammaproteobacteria.
- The class Bacilli includes both rod-shaped and spherical bacterial species.
- A helminth taking up residence in a human digestive tract and consuming nutrients is an example of parasitism.
- Streptococcus contains cells that are chains or pairs of cocci.
- Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
- Viruses are not included in phylogenetic trees because they are acellular and nonliving.
- The cell walls of bacteria contain peptidoglycan.
- The S-layer can function as a cell wall in some archaeans.
- Streptococcus pyogenes matches the description from the image provided.
- All cells have a cell membrane.
- Lactobacillus spp. serves as the first colonization of microbiota during natural birth.
- Mycoplasma cannot be classified as either gram positive or gram negative by the Gram staining protocol.
- Borrelia spp. sometimes causes Lyme disease.
- Escherichia spp. match results from the MaConkey agar.
- Viruses are classified as distinct from the three-domain system.
- Genus and species are the typical taxonomic ranks used to identify an organism when using binomial nomenclature.
- Carl Woese and George Fox sequenced and analyzed rRNA to build their phylogenetic tree.
- A loop is a tool used to transfer microbes from one location to another.
- Lipopolysaccharide is a cell wall component unique to gram-negative cells.
- A capsule is an organized layer located outside of the cell wall composed of polysaccharides or proteins.
- Streptobacillus is the type of bacterial cell arrangement in the image.
- A solution with a higher solute concentration than that inside the cell is hypertonic.
- Bacteroides are the most prevalent bacteria in the human gut.
- Campylobacter. is not included in the class Betaproteobacteria.
- Rickettsia rickettsii is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF).
- Bordetella pertussis is an example of Proteobacteria.
- Homo sapiens is the correct usage of binomial nomenclature.
- Bacteria are generally identified to species using a combination of genetic, biochemical, and microscopic approaches.
- Based on the Gram-stain, the organism is Gram-positive. (Fill in the blank)
- Based on the Gram-stain, the arrangement is streptobacillus. (Fill in the blank)
- Based on the Gram-stain, the cells layer of peptidoglycan is thick. (Fill in the blank)
- The picture shows Gram-positive streptobacilli bacteria.
- Mycolic acid is unique to acid-fast cells.
- Ergosterol is the best target for an anti-fungal medication.
- Treponema spp. sometimes causes syphilis.
- Commensalism is the type of interaction where one population benefits and the other is not affected.
- M. tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis.
- Amensalism is the type of association where a mold produces a chemical that kills bacteria without apparently benefiting.
- Serological tests are used to identify proteins on the basis of their reaction with specific antibodies for taxonomic classification of microbes.
- Yeast is a type of fungal microorganism.
- Animal cells are not generally about the same size as bacterial cells.
- Lipopolysaccharide is an important component of the cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria.
- Gram-negative cells have an outer membrane.
- Fimbriae and capsules are important for adherence to surfaces.
- The extracellular matrix of animal cells is not mostly phospholipids.
- C. perfringens is the causative agent of gas gangrene.
- Parasitism describes the interaction between humans and all pathogens.
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae is classified as high G+C gram-positive.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most likely causative agent of your patient’s illness involving trouble breathing.
- Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, is an example of Spirochetes.
- Mycotoxins are produced by molds.
- Dracunculus medinensis is a Helminth.
- Ebola is a Virus.
- Giardia lamblia is a Protozoa.
- Yeast is a Fungi.
- Monotrichous refers to a bacterial cell having a single tuft of flagella at one end.
- The cell wall of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells is indeed composed of peptidoglycan.
- Capsules are important bacterial structured for adherence to surfaces.
- Streptococcus is the bacterial cell arrangement used in the image provided.
- The first known epidemiological study found that the disease cholera was being spread from wells in London.
- A toxin produced by Vibrio cholera causes hypersecretion of electrolytes and water in the large intestine, leading to profuse watery diarrhea and dehydration.
- Less than 1% of prokaryotes are pathogenic, and they are all bacteria.
- Aerobic bacteria in the colon consume oxygen, making it possible for anaerobic species to survive, is an example of commensalism.
- H. influenzae does not commonly cause influenza.
- Proteobacteria is a large group of gram-negative bacteria that includes five diverse classes.
- Endospores are structures that essentially protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable.
- Lophotrichous is the type of flagellar arrangement of the bacteria in the provided image.
- A solution with a lower solute concentration than that inside the cell is hypotonic.
- Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that have no nucleus.
- N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of the STI gonorrhea
- Flagellates live in the gut of termites, feeding on the wood consumed by the termite and allowing the termite access to nutrition and energy in wood that they could not otherwise digest, is an example of mutualism.
- Salmonella spp matches growth results on MaConkey agar.
- Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology is the standard resource for identifying bacteria.
- Bacillus is not a curved bacterial shape.
- A capsule is an organized layer located outside of the cell wall mostly made of polysaccharides or proteins.
- Gram-positive cells do not have an outer membrane.
- Based on the gram stain, the organsim is Gram-negative.
- Based on the gram stain, the arrangement is tetrad.
- Based on the gram stain, the cells have a thin layer of peptidoglycan.
- Fusobacterium is the most common bacterial genus of the species found in plaque on teeth.
- B. anthracis is the pathogen that causes anthrax.
- S. aureus produces the toxin responsible for toxic shock syndrome, which can cause cardiovascular collapse and death.
- Parasitology is the study of helminths and other parasites.
- Horizontal gene transfer involves the transfer of genes from one individual to another, including from one species to another, but not from parent to offspring.
- Gram-negative bacilli are pink cells in a Gram stain
- Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell walls.
- Clostridium contains cells that are gram-positive rods.
- Bacteroides are gram-negative bacilli microscopically.
- The human microbiome consists of all the microbes present on or in the body.
- Taenia saginata is not a type of fungus that causes disease.
- Mycology is the study of fungi.
- All bacterial cells cannot form endospores.
- The description corresponds types of solutions with their descriptions.
- Hypertonic → Higher solute concentration outside the cell → Water moves out, causing the cell to shrink (plasmolysis in bacteria, crenation in animal cells).
- Hypotonic → Lower solute concentration outside the cell → Water moves in, causing the cell to swell; in bacteria, the cell wall prevents bursting, but animal cells may lyse.
- Isotonic → Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell → No net water movement, and the cell remains stable.
- If a protozoan cell is placed into a hypotonic environment, water would flow into the cell and the cell would lyse
- S. pyogenes is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat).
- Lactobacillus spp. prevent yeast infections by contributing to the acidity of the vagina, as a dominant bacterial species of the normal vaginal microbiota for most women.
- M. pneumoniae causes a mild form of pneumonia known as "walking pneumonia" or "atypical pneumonia".
- Protists are a very broad, informal grouping of organisms that do not fit into other eukaryotic kingdoms and that may be photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic.
- Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of upper respiratory tract infections.
- Syphilis is the third most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infections in the United States, after chlamydia and gonorrhea.
- These are associated infections caused by the bacteria below:
- Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa often infects wounds and burns, highly motile, can be the cause of chronic urinary tract infections, non-fermenting
- Bacteria and Archaea contain prokaryotes.
- The NIH Human Microbiome Project does not have a goal to create a large repository of cultures of important microbes found in humans
- composition of the microbiota of different sites of the same human body are not the same composition.
- Gram-negative bacteria appear light red/pink after the Gram-stain procedure.
- Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
- Traditionally, the classification of prokaryotes was based on their shape, staining patterns, and biochemical or physiological differences.
- Organisms that must live within the cells of their hosts are obligate intracellular pathogens.
- These are descriptions of microbes classified by growth needs.
- Eutrophs requires a large amount of organic nutrients.
- Oligotrophs is organisms capable of living in low nutrient environments.
- Diplococcal is a pair of cells resembling coffee beans.
- Microaerophilic requires low levels of oxygen
- Fastidious are difficult to culture
- These are descriptions of microbes classified by illness they cause.
- L. pneumophila causes Legionnaires' disease, it can spread in aerosols
- These are descriptions of microbes classified by their cellular make up.
- Chlamydia sp. is an obligate intracellular pathogens, Gram-negative, infects epithelial cells, host cells infected die approximately 72 hours after infection
- Darkfield fluorescent microscopy is typically used to view spirochetes.
- CFB group are the gram-negative nonproteobacteria genera Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides classified together as a phylum.
- Genomes with a high G+C content have a lower melting temperature, the statement is false
- These descriptions of infections apply to these organisims
- C. diphtheria: Causative agent of diphtheria
- G. vaginalis: It can cause bacterial vaginosis in women
- Clostridium spp.: It produces more kinds of protein toxins than any other bacterial genus, and several species are human pathogens.
- S. pyogenes: belongs to the Lancefield group A, β-hemolytic Streptococcus.
- B. cereus: It can cause food poisoning
- The resident microbiota consists of microorganisms that constantly live in or on our bodies.
- Transient microbiota refers to microorganisms that are only temporarily found in the human body, and these may include pathogenic microorganisms
- Coliforms are able to ferment lactose completely (i.e., with the production of acid and gas).
- The genus Salmonella belongs to the noncoliform group of Enterobacteriaceae
- H. pylori is the most common cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers of the stomach and duodenum
- Chickens often harbor C. jejuni in their gastrointestinal tract and feces
- Acid-fast bacteria (that have a mycolic acid coat) are considered Gram-positive, even though they don’t Gram stain very well
- The genus Mycobacterium is bacilli covered with a mycolic acid coat.
- Yeasts are unicellular fungi
- Treponema pallidum is the bacteria in the image.
- Coliforms are able to ferment lactose completely (i.e., with the production of acid and gas).
- C. diphtheria matches the description provided.
- Coccus is bacterial shape based on image.
- Microincinerator is a tool used to sterilize equipment.
- Some bacterial inclusions are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer membrane.
- Specialized organelles called hydrogenosomes are used by some eukaryotes to produce hydrogen anaerobically.
- All the bacteria classified within the genus Bacillus are not all capable of forming endospores.
- Spirochetes are generally not easy to culture in the laboratory.
- Media is liquid, solid, or gel that contains nutrients to aid microbial growth.
- Loop is the the tool to transfer microbes from one location to another.
- diplococcus is the bacteria in the image.
- Mycobacteria is the cell wall in the picture shown in the prompt.
- Analyses of rRNA genes suggest that Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya evolved from a common ancestor.
- Vibrio refers to a prokaryotic cell that is comma shaped.
- Gram-positive bacteria is the cell wall in the picture shown in the prompt.
- G. vaginalis can cause bacterial vaginosis in women.
- Phylogenies show evolutionary relatedness between organisms.
- These are characteristics, based on staining, morphology, and membrane characteristics.
- morphology – Tetrad
- outer membrane – yes
- lipopolysaccharide – yes
- teichoic acid – yes
- S. pneumonia is the causative agent for pneumonia and other respiratory infections.
- M. leprae is the causative agent of Hansen’s disease.
- Escherichia coli is not a clinically significant, spore-forming bacterium.
- Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough.
- Botany is not a subfield of microbiology.
- Fermentation is not carried out exclusively by unicellular eukaryotes such as yeast, it converts sugars to organic acids, alcohols, and/or gases such as carbon dioxide, it can help preserve foods, preventing spoilage, and it is used to make foods such as cheese and bread.
- peritrichous is the bacterial arrangement demonstrated in the image.
- These descriptions are false when referring to which of the following:
- Only eukaryotic cells do not have ribosomes
- Prokaryotes are not diploid
- Based on the picture, these bacteria are capable of forming endospores.
- The following statements about Pseudomonas aeruginosa is false : obligate anaerobe
- low G+C bacteria is a gram-positive group that includes the Bacilli is.
- Bacteria are much larger than viruses.
- Mycobacteria is what the cell wall in the image is classified as.
- Gram-negative bacteria is what the cell wall in the image is classified as.
- C. difficile is common source of hospital-acquired infections.
- Nonproteobacteria is a classification of gram-negative bacteria including the spirochetes, GFC group, and planctomyces
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