Microbiology: Key Concepts

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Questions and Answers

The process of passing all of one's genome from a parent to its offspring is known as ______ gene transfer.

vertical

Gram-positive bacteria are characterized by having a thick ______ cell wall.

peptidoglycan

A type of bond that introduces kinks into fatty acid chains, thereby increasing membrane fluidity, is the ________ bond.

cis unsaturated

During bacterial cell division, a new cell wall, known as a ________, forms between the daughter cells.

<p>septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cell with flagella distributed all across its surface is described as ________.

<p>peritrichous</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are membrane proteins specifically designed to facilitate the transport of water and other small polar molecules across cell membranes.

<p>aquaporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

To maintain cells in exponential phase indefinitely, a ________ culture system is used, providing constant inflow and outflow of nutrients and waste.

<p>continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term ________ refers to the natural or intrinsic fluorescence of cells or media, not from added dyes or tags.

<p>autofluorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vertical Gene Transfer

Passing all of one's genome from parent to offspring.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that stains purple.

Septum (in bacteria)

New cell wall that forms between daughter bacterial cells during division.

Aquaporins

Membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of water.

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Continuous culture (Chemostat)

A method to maintain cells in exponential growth by constant nutrient inflow and waste outflow.

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Divisome

A collection of proteins that coordinate and manage bacterial cell division.

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Selective media

A growth media that allows certain organisms to grow while inhibiting others.

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Lag phase

Phase where cells adapt to a new environment, preparing for division.

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Study Notes

  • Vertical gene transfer is the process of passing all of one's genome from a parent to its offspring.
  • Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall.
  • Membrane fluidity is increased by cis unsaturated (double) bonds.
  • The septum is the new cell wall that forms between daughter bacterial cells.
  • Peritrichous refers to a cell with flagella distributed all across its surface.
  • Aquaporins are membrane proteins that transport water and other small polar molecules.
  • Continuous culture (chemostat) with constant inflow and outflow is a method to grow cells perpetually in exponential phase.
  • Vibrionales species are found within the gamma proteobacteria phylum.
  • Autofluorescence is the native fluorescence of cells or media, not from an added dye or tag.
  • The divisome is a collection of proteins that manage cell division.
  • Twitching is a form of bacterial motility dependent on pili.
  • Selective media favors the growth of one organism over another.
  • A hypotonic environment has lower solute concentrations compared to the inside of the cell.
  • Cell fractionation uses centrifugal force to quantify cellular macromolecules and components.
  • Molecular clock refers to temporal information contained in a macromolecular sequence, used to infer time when organisms diverged.
  • Antisepsis is the process of removing pathogens from the surface of living tissues.
  • The three domains of life are bacteria, eukarya, and archaea.
  • Reverse gyrase is an enzyme archaea use to overwind DNA.
  • An autoclave is a device that kills microbes with a combination of heat and pressure.
  • Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genes via transposable elements, bacteriophages, and plasmids.
  • Pseudopeptidoglycan are archaeal cell wall components that resemble peptidoglycan but are resistant to antibiotics.
  • Stromatolites are a mass of layered limestone accreted by microbial mats.
  • The Archaean eon, ~2.5-4 Gyr ago, is when we have the earliest evidence of microbial life.
  • Biocontrol is the use of one microbe to control the growth of another.
  • Spirochetes belong to the bacteria domain of life.
  • Binary fission is the process of bacterial cell division.
  • Electron microscopy uses electron beams to resolve cells and cellular components.
  • Electrons have a shorter wavelength (than visible light).
  • If 1 cell becomes 16 after 2 hours, the doubling time is 30 minutes.
  • The lag phase is the growth phase where cells are adapting to a new environment and preparing to divide.
  • Acidophiles are bacteria that grow at a pH of 0-5.

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