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Questions and Answers
What is the primary way bacteria cause disease?
What is the primary way bacteria cause disease?
What is the primary difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the primary difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following is an example of a bacterial infection?
Which of the following is an example of a bacterial infection?
What is the primary way viruses replicate?
What is the primary way viruses replicate?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of viral infections?
Which of the following is a characteristic of viral infections?
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What is the primary way that bacterial infections enter the body?
What is the primary way that bacterial infections enter the body?
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What is the primary way that viruses enter the host cells?
What is the primary way that viruses enter the host cells?
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What is a characteristic of fungal infections?
What is a characteristic of fungal infections?
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Which of the following is an example of a parasitic infection?
Which of the following is an example of a parasitic infection?
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What is the result of the immune response to a fungal infection?
What is the result of the immune response to a fungal infection?
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How do parasites enter the host body?
How do parasites enter the host body?
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What is the effect of hookworm infection on the host?
What is the effect of hookworm infection on the host?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Infections
Characteristics:
- Caused by bacteria, single-celled microorganisms
- Can be Gram-positive or Gram-negative
- Can produce toxins, which contribute to disease
Examples of Bacterial Infections:
- Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis): affects lungs, can spread to other parts of the body
- Pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, etc.): inflammation of the lungs
- Meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis, etc.): inflammation of the meninges, can be life-threatening
- Urinary Tract Infections (Escherichia coli, etc.): infection of the bladder, kidneys, or urethra
Pathogenesis:
- Bacteria enter the body through various routes (e.g., respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin)
- Adhere to and colonize host cells
- Produce toxins, which can cause tissue damage and inflammation
- Evoke an immune response, which can lead to tissue damage and disease
Viral Infections
Characteristics:
- Caused by viruses, small infectious particles made of genetic material and protein
- Can be DNA or RNA viruses
- Replicate inside host cells, using host machinery
Examples of Viral Infections:
- Influenza (Influenza virus): affects the respiratory system, can cause severe illness and death
- HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS
- Hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, C viruses): inflammation of the liver, can cause liver failure and cancer
- Common Cold (Rhinovirus, etc.): affects the upper respiratory system, causes mild illness
Pathogenesis:
- Viruses enter the body through various routes (e.g., respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin)
- Attach to and penetrate host cells
- Replicate inside host cells, producing new viral particles
- Evoke an immune response, which can lead to tissue damage and disease
Fungal Infections
Characteristics:
- Caused by fungi, eukaryotic organisms that obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matter
- Can be opportunistic or primary pathogens
- Can produce toxins, which contribute to disease
Examples of Fungal Infections:
- Candidiasis (Candida albicans): affects the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs
- Aspergillosis (Aspergillus spp.): affects the lungs, can cause allergic reactions and invasive disease
- Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum): affects the lungs, can cause chronic illness and death
- Ringworm (Trichophyton spp.): affects the skin, hair, and nails
Pathogenesis:
- Fungi enter the body through various routes (e.g., respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin)
- Adhere to and colonize host cells
- Produce toxins, which can cause tissue damage and inflammation
- Evoke an immune response, which can lead to tissue damage and disease
Parasitic Infections
Characteristics:
- Caused by parasites, eukaryotic organisms that obtain nutrients from host cells
- Can be protozoa, helminths, or ectoparasites
- Can produce toxins, which contribute to disease
Examples of Parasitic Infections:
- Malaria (Plasmodium spp.): affects the blood, liver, and spleen, can cause severe illness and death
- Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia): affects the small intestine, causes diarrhea and malabsorption
- Hookworm Infection (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus): affects the small intestine, causes anemia and malnutrition
- Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei): affects the skin, causes intense itching and rash
Pathogenesis:
- Parasites enter the body through various routes (e.g., insect vectors, contaminated food and water, skin contact)
- Adhere to and colonize host cells
- Feed on host tissues, producing toxins and waste products
- Evoke an immune response, which can lead to tissue damage and disease
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Description
Test your knowledge of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, including their characteristics, examples, and pathogenesis. Identify the different types of infections and how they affect the human body.
