Microbiology Host-Pathogen Interactions Quiz

<p>The tendency of a pathogen to infect certain host tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By killing off normal microbiota and allowing pathogens to flourish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The environment of the new host is more suitable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal microbiota can help prevent infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They adapt to interact with specific host tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tropism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Host age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One measures infection, while the other measures lethality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppress immune function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escherichia coli in the appendix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inducing fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintains a balanced communication with them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They spend a majority of their time inside host cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endotoxins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain host factors can prevent pathogen-induced disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herpes viruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protection from drug therapies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As an evolving property. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of toxins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By hiding their surface antigens from detection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Young adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pathogen's transmissibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The changes in transmission dynamics over the course of an outbreak (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lose virulence factors needed to cause disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elderly patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental and host factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children are often asymptomatic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is infectious but does not cause disease in immunocompetent hosts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To conceal antigenic features using host molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By producing surface proteins that resemble host molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bursting free from the phagosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing a rapid immune response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancing immune cell signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in the pathogen's genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes phagocytosis more difficult (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to overcome harsh environmental conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To limit transmission of bloodborne pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hand washing is recommended (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barrier gowns and gloves are worn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rubella and influenza (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inform about necessary precautions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient should wear a mask (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noncritical equipment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airborne precautions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dynamic interactions between a host (e.g., human) and microbes, that can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Microbes that reside in a host without causing disease.

Relationship in which both the host and the microbe benefit.

Microbes that cause disease.

Disturbance or imbalance in the normal microbiota.

A microbe that can cause disease if the normal microbiota is disrupted by treatment (e.g., antibiotics).

The preference of a pathogen for certain host tissues or organs.

An organism that lives in or on another organism without harming or benefiting it.

Microbes that cause disease only under specific circumstances, such as weakened immune systems or introduction to an unusual location in the body.

A pathogen's preference for a specific host or tissue within that host.

The ability of a microbe to cause disease.

The degree or intensity of pathogenicity.

Characteristics of a pathogen that help it cause disease.

The infectious dose that will make 50% of the exposed population sick.

The lethal dose that will kill 50% of the exposed population.

The connection between how a pathogen spreads and how harmful it is.

A pathogen's basic reproduction number; how many new cases one infected person creates, on average

Measures a pathogen's contagiousness during an epidemic/pandemic; it changes as the situation evolves.

Characteristics of a host that can influence a pathogen's virulence.

A pathogen weakened but still infectious, often losing the traits that cause disease.

Virulence changes because some pathogens evolve new hurtful traits that can adapt to their surroundings and the hosts they infect.

Virulence is a characteristic that changes as pathogens react to and interact with the environment and the hosts they infect.

The immune system can damage the body as a byproduct of fighting infections. This is due to the immune system attacking infected cells.

The tissue damage in tuberculosis is caused by the immune system attacking cells infected with the bacteria causing the disease.

Most viral infections are fought off by the immune system killing virus-infected cells.

A pathogen must evade the host's immune system to safely replicate and spread.

Pathogens can use various strategies to hide from the immune system.

These pathogens spend most of their life cycle inside host cells, making them difficult for the immune system to target.

The ability of a pathogen to quietly exist inside a host without causing immediate symptoms. This can lead to intermittent outbreaks or persistent infections.

Herpes viruses are an example of pathogens that use latency. They remain dormant but can cause flare-ups or reactivations.

A pathogen hides its antigens by coating itself with host molecules, evading the immune system.

A pathogen deceives the immune system by mimicking host molecules, such as carbohydrates, using its own capsule.

Pathogens periodically change their surface molecules to evade a rapid immune response.

Pathogens limit the immune system's ability to engulf and destroy them by various mechanisms, such as forming capsules, bursting free of phagosomes, or neutralizing phagocytic enzymes.

Pathogens can avoid phagocytosis by forming capsules, bursting free of phagosomes, blocking fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome, neutralizing phagocytic enzymes, or damaging phagocytic cells with toxins.

Some pathogens have evolved to survive within the harsh environment of the phagolysosome, the destructive compartment inside phagocytes.

Pathogens can limit the immune response by interfering with phagocytosis (the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens) or by suppressing the immune response altogether.

A set of infection control practices used to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. They apply to all patients, regardless of their suspected infection status.

Standard precautions include hand hygiene, wearing gloves between tasks or procedures, using barrier clothing and face shields, proper management of biohazard waste, and disinfection of surfaces.

Additional infection control measures implemented when specific infectious agents are suspected or confirmed. These precautions are tailored to the mode of transmission of the pathogen.

Precautions used to prevent the spread of infections through direct contact with an infected patient or contaminated objects. They include wearing gown and gloves, disinfecting surfaces, and limiting patient transport.

Precautions used to prevent the spread of infections through droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, or talking. They include wearing a mask, limiting patient transport, and having the patient wear a mask during transport.

Precautions used to prevent the spread of infections through small particles in the air that remain suspended for long periods. They include isolating the patient in a specialized negative pressure room and wearing a respirator mask.

Transmission precautions help to prevent the spread of infections within healthcare settings, protecting both healthcare workers and patients. They are crucial for controlling outbreaks and ensuring patient safety.

The choice of transmission precautions depends on the suspected or confirmed infectious agent and its mode of transmission. Healthcare providers use their knowledge of infectious diseases to determine the appropriate precautions.