Microbiology (MCB 221)

It can be traced back to ancient cultures such as Egyptians and greeks who had some understanding of infections and sanitation

For many centuries diseases were believed to be caused by bad air or miasma

19 century

<p>17th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antonie van leuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antonie van leuwenhoek, 1670, animalcules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pasteur's experiment debunked the theory of spontaneous generation and demonstrated that microorganisms were responsible for fermentation and spoilage . ( 1860's)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to the development of pasteurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He established systematic methods of linking specific microorganisms to specific diseases, introducing Koch postulate. He also worked on cholera anthrax and tuberculosis. (1876)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He promoted surgical cleanliness and reduced infection rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edward Jenner in 1796</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1880's - 1940's</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paul Ehrlich and it contributed to the field of chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1920's - 1940's</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexander Fleming, 1928 and it lead to the development of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the complete destruction of all microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To Achieve a sterile environment or instrument, ensuring no viable microorganisms are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is The reduction of pathogenic microorganisms to a level that is not harmful to health; does not necessarily eliminate all microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To Decrease the risk of infection in non-living surfaces and objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goal Level of Efficacy Application Methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical and chemical method</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Healthcare microbiology and sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling the spread of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a physical method of sterilization that uses steam under pressure to kill microorganisms and spores ( standard condition is 121 degree Celsius for 15-29 minutes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a physical method of sterilization that uses hot air to sterilize ( e.g oven ) , it requires higher temperatures ( 160-180 degree Celsius for 1-2 hours)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a physical method of sterilization that physically removes microorganisms from liquid or air using filter with specific pore sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a physical method of sterilization that uses ultraviolet (UV) or gamma rays to inactive or kill microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(it is a chemical form of sterilization) it is gas that is used to sterilize haet sensitive objects or materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a chemical method of sterilization that sterilizes objects through oxidative process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical and physical disinfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoclaving, dry heat sterilization, filtration, radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Alcohol ( e.g ethanol and isopropanol) effective against bacteria and viruses usually at 70% concentration. 2. Chlorine compound (e.g bleach) effective against board spectrum used for surface disinfection. 3. Phenolic compounds ( e.g Lysol) effective against bacteria and fungi used, in healthcare settings 4. Quatemary ammonium compound , effective against some gram positive bacteria and some fungi , used for surface disinfection</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Heat: boiling water at 100 degree Celsius (10-30 min) can disinfect items but may not sterilize them 2. Ultraviolet light: effective for disinfecting air, water and surfaces by damaging the microbial DNA</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterilization is 100% but disinfection varies ( variable effectiveness)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterilization: complete destruction of all microbes, disinfection: reduction or deduction of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterilization: surgical equipment and laboratory tools. Disinfection: surfaces and skins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterilization: physical and chemical. Disinfection: primarily chemical, some physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Concentration of agent. 2. Contact time. 3. Temperature. 4. Type of microorganisms</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Infection control: essential in healthcare to prevent hospital acquired infection . 2. Laboratory safety: critical in the lab to maintain aseptic come for microbiological work . 3. Public health: to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in community settings</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the growth and maintainance of microbial cells in a controlled condition typically a nutrient medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>PH level. 2. Temperature. 3. Water. 4. Nutrient</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Pure culture: a culture that contains a single type of microorganisms ( useful for studying specific characteristics and behaviors of a single species). 2. Mixed culture: a culture that contains 2 or more species of microorganisms ( useful for studying interaction between different species and understanding community dynamics. 3. Enrichment culture: a culture that is designed to enhance the growth of species from a mixed population (useful for isolation of rare and slow growing microorganisms). 4. Continuous culture: a culture where fresh medium is continuously ( it maintains exponential growth of microorganisms by extended period of time)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers