Microbiology History and Pioneers

False (B)

To prevent the bacteria from being washed off during the staining process.

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram stain = Differentiates bacteria based on cell wall structure Acid-fast stain = Identifies bacteria with a waxy outer layer Simple stain = Reveals the overall shape and arrangement of bacteria Differential stain = Uses multiple dyes to highlight specific cellular structures or differentiate between bacteria types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes = Sites of protein synthesis Histones = Proteins that package and order DNA in eukaryotes Peptidoglycan = Structural component of bacterial cell walls Sterols = Lipids found in eukaryotic plasma membranes Nucleoid = Region in prokaryotes where DNA is located</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anton von Leeuwenhoek (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spherical (cocci), Rod-shaped (bacilli), Spiral-shaped (spirilla or vibrios)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous Generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robert Hooke = Built the first effective microscopes; observed bacteria, protozoa, yeasts, molds, and algae Anton van Leeuwenhoek = Observed thin slices of cork and described &quot;little boxes&quot; - cells Francesco Redi = Disproved spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat John Needham = Contributed to the debate surrounding spontaneous generation in the mid-1700s</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Francesco Redi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Needham's experiments, while initially seeming to support spontaneous generation, were later challenged by other scientists who refuted his findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crystal Violet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram's Iodine acts as a mordant, which intensifies the primary stain (crystal violet) by forming a complex with it and making it more difficult to remove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crystal Violet = Primary stain, colors all cells purple initially Gram's Iodine = Mordant, intensifies the primary stain 95% Ethanol = Decolorizing agent, removes the primary stain from some bacteria Safranin = Counter stain, stains cells decolorized by alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>organic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lorenzo Spallanzani (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexander Fleming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The curved neck of the flask allowed air to enter the broth, but trapped microbes in the curve, preventing them from reaching the broth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salvarsan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Needham = Designed an experiment with boiled chicken broth, supporting spontaneous generation Lorenzo Spallanzani = Challenged Needham by demonstrating that sealed broth remained sterile Louis Pasteur = Developed the swan-neck flask experiment, definitively disproving spontaneous generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attached to plant seeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paul Ehrlich = Penicillin Alexander Fleming = Salvarsan Louis Pasteur = Pasteurization Robert Koch = Germ theory of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of aseptic technique in healthcare and the use of microbes in fermentation processes for food production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of a nuclear membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of preparing samples for microscopy, including staining and fixing.

Dyes used in staining that are positively charged and attract negatively charged bacteria.

A staining technique using a single dye to color all cells, highlighting their shape and arrangement.

Staining methods that use multiple dyes to distinguish between different types of cells or cellular components.

A specific differential stain developed by Hans Christian Gram to identify bacterial species based on cell wall composition.

Cells without a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Cells with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

The process of cell division in prokaryotes, resulting in two identical cells.

Proteins that help package and organize DNA in eukaryotic cells.

Ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells, smaller than eukaryotic 80S ribosomes.

Process developed by Edward Jenner using cowpox to provide immunity.

German physician who developed the first effective drugs for infectious diseases.

Arsenic-based drug created by Ehrlich to treat syphilis.

Scottish physician who discovered penicillin from a mold contaminant.

Antibiotic discovered by Fleming that inhibits bacterial growth.

System of categorizing organisms into prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including acellular forms like viruses.

Bacteria that retain purple dye after Gram staining due to thick cell wall.

Bacteria that do not retain purple dye and appear red or pink after staining.

The first stain used in Gram staining, commonly Crystal Violet.

Substance that intensifies the primary stain, in Gram staining it's Gram's Iodine.

Agent used to wash out the primary stain from some bacterial cells, usually ethanol.

The second stain added after decolorizing, typically Safranin, which stains decolorized cells.

Bacteria that can appear both Gram-positive and Gram-negative during staining.

A critical technique for bacterial identification in medical microbiology.

The theory that living organisms can arise from non-living matter.

Catholic priest who claimed microorganisms arise spontaneously from organic matter.

Scientist who criticized Needham’s experiment, stating contamination occurred.

Pasteur's experiment showing that air contains microbes that can contaminate solutions.

Microbes can be found almost everywhere, including air, water, and surfaces.

Methods developed to prevent contamination by microbes in laboratories and medical settings.

Microbial process converting sugars into alcohol and gases, essential in producing ethanol.

Process of using heat to kill all forms of microbial life.

English scientist who built the first crude microscopes and proposed that cells are the smallest units of life.

The concept that all living things are composed of cells.

Dutch scientist known as the Father of Bacteriology for his work with early microscopes and descriptions of microorganisms.

The three main shapes of bacteria: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped).

Italian physician who disproved spontaneous generation through experiments with decaying meat and jars.

Hooke's discovery of cells in cork marked a significant milestone in microbiology.