29 Questions
Who is credited with beginning to make and use simple microscopes to study tiny organisms?
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek visualize when he examined water under his microscope?
Microorganisms
What were the tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa visualized by Leeuwenhoek under his microscope called?
Animalcules
By the end of the 19th century, what term was used to refer to the organisms visualized under microscopes like Leeuwenhoek's?
Microorganisms
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the types of organisms Antoni van Leeuwenhoek visualized under his microscope?
Plants
What term is now also used to refer to microorganisms, alongside 'microbes'?
'Microbes'
What is the main focus of serology?
Presence of chemicals and cells that fight infection in blood serum
Who discovered penicillin, a significant milestone in chemotherapy?
Fleming
What is the primary concern of immunology?
Studying the body's defenses against specific pathogens
Why are many modern questions in microbiology related to genetics?
Genetics plays a crucial role in understanding microbial functions and evolution
What did Domagk discover that became significant in chemotherapy?
Sulfa drugs
Which locomotive structure is characterized by fewer, longer, and more whiplike extensions?
Flagella
What is the main way in which most protozoa reproduce?
Asexual reproduction
Which type of microorganism is categorized based on pigmentation and cell wall composition?
Algae
What is the function of cilia in protozoa?
Locomotion
Which characteristic makes protozoa similar to animals?
Eukaryotic cells
What distinguishes flagella from cilia in terms of structure?
Flagella are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia.
What idea did Needham's experiments with beef gravy and infusions of plant material reinforce?
Animals could arise spontaneously
What was the conclusion drawn by Spallanzani from his experiments that contradicted Needham's findings?
Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes
What did Pasteur's experiments with 'swan-necked' flasks demonstrate when the flasks remained upright?
No microbial growth appeared
What was the impact of tilting the 'swan-necked' flask in Pasteur's experiments?
The infusion became cloudy with microbes
What did Spallanzani believe was the reason for microbial growth in Needham's experiments?
Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes
What did Pasteur's experiments demonstrate about spontaneous generation of microorganisms?
'Swan-necked' flasks ensure sterile conditions
What were the four main questions that scientists searched for answers to during the Golden Age of Microbiology?
Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? What causes fermentation? What causes disease? How can we prevent infection and disease?
Who proposed the theory of spontaneous generation, suggesting that living things can arise from nonliving matter?
Aristotle
What was the outcome of Redi's experiments involving decaying meat and flies?
Maggots never developed on isolated meat kept away from flies
Which process did some philosophers and scientists of the past believe living things arose from?
Asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, and nonliving matter
What led scientists to begin doubting Aristotle's theory of spontaneous generation?
Maggots developing on meat exposed to flies but not on isolated meat
Which scientist conducted experiments that directly challenged Aristotle's theory of spontaneous generation?
Redi
Test your knowledge on the early years of microbiology, important organisms, and the golden age of microbiology. Explore questions on spontaneous generation, fermentation, disease causation, and preventive measures.
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