Microbiology: Fungi and Bacteria Overview
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Microbiology: Fungi and Bacteria Overview

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Questions and Answers

Match the following fungal entities with their descriptions:

Mycosis = Fungal infection. Zombie ant fungus = Mind-controlling insect pathogen. Chondrostereum purpureum = A plant fungus that infected a human host in 2023. Ascomycota = Produced sexually.

Match the bacterial classifications with their characteristics:

Proteobacteria = Gram-negative. Firmicutes = Gram-positive. Bacteroidetes = Many opportunistic pathogens. Actinobacteria = Gram-positive.

Match the following subgroups with their respective categories:

Alphaproteobacteria = Includes Ehrlichia and Agrobacterium. Gammaproteobacteria = Includes Vibrio and Salmonella. Lactobacillales = Includes Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Clostridia = Endospores producing gram-positive bacteria.

Match the following terms related to nutrient acquisition:

<p>Heterotrophic organisms = Gain nutrients via absorption. Saprophytic = Feed on dead matter. Filamentous fungi = Molds and fleshy fungi. Opportunistic mycoses = Pathogenic in a compromised host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical events with their related fungi:

<p>Salem witch trials = Caused by ergot fungus in rye. Organ transplants = Cyclosporine from Tolypocladium inflatum. Morphological characteristics = Useful for identifying eukaryotes. Fungal infections = Often have opportunistic nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organisms with their characteristics:

<p>Red algae = Harvested for agar and carrageenan Green algae = Gave rise to terrestrial plants Diatoms = Unicellular algae with silica cell walls Brown algae = Produce algin-thickener used in foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following domains or kingdoms with their descriptions:

<p>Archaea = Domain of prokaryotes, often extremophiles Fungi = Chemoheterotrophic; cell walls of chitin Plantae = Multicellular; undergo photosynthesis Animalia = Multicellular; no cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fungal characteristics with their descriptions:

<p>Hyphae = Filaments that make up the fungal thallus Mycelium = A mass of hyphae Septate hyphae = Hyphae that contain cross-walls Coenocytic hyphae = Hyphae that do not contain septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fungi with their economic importance:

<p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae = Bread, wine, hepatitis B vaccine Trichoderma = Cellulase production Paecilomyces = Kills termites Usnea = Antimicrobial properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to bacteria with their definitions:

<p>Culture = Bacteria grown in laboratory media Clone = Population derived from a single parent cell Strain = Accumulated genetic differences affecting behavior Variant = Slight genetic differences without functional change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following algal groups with their features:

<p>Green algae = Cellulose cell walls, store starch Red algae = Most are multicellular and have branched thalli Diatoms = Produce domoic acid, cause neurological disease Brown algae = Multicellular and macroscopic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their definitions:

<p>Endosymbiotic Theory = Proto-eukaryote engulfed a protomitochondrion Uncoating = Release of viral components by enzymes Differential Staining = Techniques like Gram staining to classify bacteria Biochemical Tests = Tests determining presence of bacterial enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in the context of microbial ecology:

<p>Halophiles = Require salt concentration greater than 25% Thermophiles = Require growth temperature over 80°C Viral Species = Population of viruses occupying a specific niche Protista = Catchall kingdom for diverse eukaryotic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mycosis

  • Fungal infection.
  • Opportunistic mycoses are harmless in normal habitats but become pathogenic in compromised hosts.
  • Zombie ant fungus - Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps unilateralis are insect pathogens that exhibit mind control.
  • Chondrostereum purpureum is a plant fungus that infected a human host in 2023.
  • Morphological characteristics are useful for identifying eukaryotes but provide little information about phylogenetic relationships.

Archaea Classification

  • Archaea are a distinct taxonomic grouping that lacks peptidoglycan.

Spirochaetes

  • Cause syphilis and Lyme disease.

Proteobacteria

  • Gram-negative bacteria.

Alphaproteobacteria

  • A class within Proteobacteria.
  • Includes Ehrlichia, Agrobacterium, and Rickettsia.

Gammaproteobacteria

  • A class within Proteobacteria.
  • Includes Vibrio, Salmonella, Helicobacter, and Escherichia.

Bacilli

  • Belong to the Firmicutes phylum.
  • Bacilli form endospores.

Clostridia

  • Belong to the Firmicutes phylum.
  • Gram-positive bacteria.

Lactobacillales

  • Belong to the Firmicutes phylum.
  • Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Subgroups include Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.

Actinobacteria

  • Gram-positive bacteria.

Bacteroidetes

  • Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Many are opportunistic pathogens.

Heterotrophic Organisms

  • Gain nutrients through absorption.

Saprophytic

  • Feed on dead matter.

Filamentous Fungi

  • Include molds and fleshy fungi.

Organ Transplants

  • Tolypocladium inflatum produces cyclosporine, which helps suppress the immune system.

Salem Witch Trials

  • In 1692, many cases were likely caused by the consumption of rye products contaminated with ergot fungus, leading to erratic behavior.

Ascomycota

  • Produce ascospores sexually.
  • Nuclei, either morphologically similar or dissimilar, fuse in a saclike ascus.

Lichens

  • Hold economic importance:
    • Dyes
    • Antimicrobial (Usnea)
    • Litmus
    • Food for herbivores

Paecilomyces

  • Kills termites.

Trichoderma

  • Produces cellulase.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  • Used in bread, wine, and hepatitis B vaccine production.

Brown Algae

  • Cell walls composed of cellulose and alginic acid.
  • Multicellular and macroscopic.
  • Produce algin, a thickener used in foods.

Red Algae

  • Have branched thalli.
  • Mostly multicellular.
  • Harvested for agar and carrageenan.
  • Some produce a lethal toxin.

Green Algae

  • Cell walls made of cellulose.
  • Unicellular or multicellular.
  • Contain chlorophyll a and b.
  • Store starch.
  • Gave rise to terrestrial plants.

Diatoms

  • Produce domoic acid, which causes neurological disease.
  • Contracted by swimming in saltwater affected by algal blooms.

Protista

  • A catchall kingdom for diverse eukaryotic organisms.
  • Clades are groups based on rRNA genetic similarities.
  • Protists are eukaryotes excluding fungi, animals, and plants.

Algae

  • Photosynthetic protists, not a formal taxonomic group.

Green Algae

  • Gave rise to terrestrial plants.
  • Store starch.

Diatoms

  • Unicellular algae with silica cell walls.
  • Store oil.

Oomycota

  • Water molds; decomposers related to brown algae.

Trophozoite

  • The feeding and growing form of protozoa.

Uncoating

  • Process where viral or host enzymes release viral components.

Crustacea

  • Have four antennae.

Archaea

  • A domain of prokaryotes, often extremophiles.

Morphological Characteristics

  • Physical traits used for identifying eukaryotes.

Differential Staining

  • Techniques like Gram staining to classify bacteria.

Biochemical Tests

  • Tests determining the presence of bacterial enzymes.

Culture

  • Bacteria grown in laboratory media.

Clone

  • A population derived from a single parent cell.

Variant

  • Slight genetic differences without functional change.

Strain

  • Accumulated genetic differences affecting behavior.

Viral Species

  • Population of viruses occupying a specific niche.

Halophiles

  • Require salt concentration greater than 25%.

Thermophiles

  • Require growth temperature over 80°C.

Gram Positive Bacteria

  • Thick peptidoglycan cell wall; stain purple.

Gram Negative Bacteria

  • Thin peptidoglycan wall; stain pink.

Endospores

  • Resistant structures formed by certain bacteria.

Endosymbiotic Theory

  • Proto-eukaryote engulfed a protomitochondrion.

Fungi

  • Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin.
  • Develop from spores or hyphal fragments.

Plantae

  • Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis.

Animalia

  • Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic.

Mycology

  • The study of fungi.

Hyphae

  • Filaments that make up the fungal thallus (body).

Mycelium

  • A mass of hyphae.

Septate Hyphae

  • Hyphae that contain cross-walls.

Coenocytic Hyphae

  • Hyphae that do not contain septa.

Fungal Lifecycle

  • Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually via the formation of spores.

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Description

This quiz covers various topics in microbiology, including pathogenic fungi, Archaea classification, and bacterial groups like Proteobacteria and Bacilli. Test your knowledge on specific pathogens and their characteristics, as well as their roles in health and disease.

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