Microbiology: Fungi and Bacteria Overview

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Questions and Answers

Match the following fungal entities with their descriptions:

Mycosis = Fungal infection. Zombie ant fungus = Mind-controlling insect pathogen. Chondrostereum purpureum = A plant fungus that infected a human host in 2023. Ascomycota = Produced sexually.

Match the bacterial classifications with their characteristics:

Proteobacteria = Gram-negative. Firmicutes = Gram-positive. Bacteroidetes = Many opportunistic pathogens. Actinobacteria = Gram-positive.

Match the following subgroups with their respective categories:

Alphaproteobacteria = Includes Ehrlichia and Agrobacterium. Gammaproteobacteria = Includes Vibrio and Salmonella. Lactobacillales = Includes Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Clostridia = Endospores producing gram-positive bacteria.

Match the following terms related to nutrient acquisition:

<p>Heterotrophic organisms = Gain nutrients via absorption. Saprophytic = Feed on dead matter. Filamentous fungi = Molds and fleshy fungi. Opportunistic mycoses = Pathogenic in a compromised host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical events with their related fungi:

<p>Salem witch trials = Caused by ergot fungus in rye. Organ transplants = Cyclosporine from Tolypocladium inflatum. Morphological characteristics = Useful for identifying eukaryotes. Fungal infections = Often have opportunistic nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organisms with their characteristics:

<p>Red algae = Harvested for agar and carrageenan Green algae = Gave rise to terrestrial plants Diatoms = Unicellular algae with silica cell walls Brown algae = Produce algin-thickener used in foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following domains or kingdoms with their descriptions:

<p>Archaea = Domain of prokaryotes, often extremophiles Fungi = Chemoheterotrophic; cell walls of chitin Plantae = Multicellular; undergo photosynthesis Animalia = Multicellular; no cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fungal characteristics with their descriptions:

<p>Hyphae = Filaments that make up the fungal thallus Mycelium = A mass of hyphae Septate hyphae = Hyphae that contain cross-walls Coenocytic hyphae = Hyphae that do not contain septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fungi with their economic importance:

<p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae = Bread, wine, hepatitis B vaccine Trichoderma = Cellulase production Paecilomyces = Kills termites Usnea = Antimicrobial properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to bacteria with their definitions:

<p>Culture = Bacteria grown in laboratory media Clone = Population derived from a single parent cell Strain = Accumulated genetic differences affecting behavior Variant = Slight genetic differences without functional change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following algal groups with their features:

<p>Green algae = Cellulose cell walls, store starch Red algae = Most are multicellular and have branched thalli Diatoms = Produce domoic acid, cause neurological disease Brown algae = Multicellular and macroscopic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their definitions:

<p>Endosymbiotic Theory = Proto-eukaryote engulfed a protomitochondrion Uncoating = Release of viral components by enzymes Differential Staining = Techniques like Gram staining to classify bacteria Biochemical Tests = Tests determining presence of bacterial enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in the context of microbial ecology:

<p>Halophiles = Require salt concentration greater than 25% Thermophiles = Require growth temperature over 80°C Viral Species = Population of viruses occupying a specific niche Protista = Catchall kingdom for diverse eukaryotic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Mycosis

  • Fungal infection.
  • Opportunistic mycoses are harmless in normal habitats but become pathogenic in compromised hosts.
  • Zombie ant fungus - Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps unilateralis are insect pathogens that exhibit mind control.
  • Chondrostereum purpureum is a plant fungus that infected a human host in 2023.
  • Morphological characteristics are useful for identifying eukaryotes but provide little information about phylogenetic relationships.

Archaea Classification

  • Archaea are a distinct taxonomic grouping that lacks peptidoglycan.

Spirochaetes

  • Cause syphilis and Lyme disease.

Proteobacteria

  • Gram-negative bacteria.

Alphaproteobacteria

  • A class within Proteobacteria.
  • Includes Ehrlichia, Agrobacterium, and Rickettsia.

Gammaproteobacteria

  • A class within Proteobacteria.
  • Includes Vibrio, Salmonella, Helicobacter, and Escherichia.

Bacilli

  • Belong to the Firmicutes phylum.
  • Bacilli form endospores.

Clostridia

  • Belong to the Firmicutes phylum.
  • Gram-positive bacteria.

Lactobacillales

  • Belong to the Firmicutes phylum.
  • Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Subgroups include Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.

Actinobacteria

  • Gram-positive bacteria.

Bacteroidetes

  • Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Many are opportunistic pathogens.

Heterotrophic Organisms

  • Gain nutrients through absorption.

Saprophytic

  • Feed on dead matter.

Filamentous Fungi

  • Include molds and fleshy fungi.

Organ Transplants

  • Tolypocladium inflatum produces cyclosporine, which helps suppress the immune system.

Salem Witch Trials

  • In 1692, many cases were likely caused by the consumption of rye products contaminated with ergot fungus, leading to erratic behavior.

Ascomycota

  • Produce ascospores sexually.
  • Nuclei, either morphologically similar or dissimilar, fuse in a saclike ascus.

Lichens

  • Hold economic importance:
    • Dyes
    • Antimicrobial (Usnea)
    • Litmus
    • Food for herbivores

Paecilomyces

  • Kills termites.

Trichoderma

  • Produces cellulase.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  • Used in bread, wine, and hepatitis B vaccine production.

Brown Algae

  • Cell walls composed of cellulose and alginic acid.
  • Multicellular and macroscopic.
  • Produce algin, a thickener used in foods.

Red Algae

  • Have branched thalli.
  • Mostly multicellular.
  • Harvested for agar and carrageenan.
  • Some produce a lethal toxin.

Green Algae

  • Cell walls made of cellulose.
  • Unicellular or multicellular.
  • Contain chlorophyll a and b.
  • Store starch.
  • Gave rise to terrestrial plants.

Diatoms

  • Produce domoic acid, which causes neurological disease.
  • Contracted by swimming in saltwater affected by algal blooms.

Protista

  • A catchall kingdom for diverse eukaryotic organisms.
  • Clades are groups based on rRNA genetic similarities.
  • Protists are eukaryotes excluding fungi, animals, and plants.

Algae

  • Photosynthetic protists, not a formal taxonomic group.

Green Algae

  • Gave rise to terrestrial plants.
  • Store starch.

Diatoms

  • Unicellular algae with silica cell walls.
  • Store oil.

Oomycota

  • Water molds; decomposers related to brown algae.

Trophozoite

  • The feeding and growing form of protozoa.

Uncoating

  • Process where viral or host enzymes release viral components.

Crustacea

  • Have four antennae.

Archaea

  • A domain of prokaryotes, often extremophiles.

Morphological Characteristics

  • Physical traits used for identifying eukaryotes.

Differential Staining

  • Techniques like Gram staining to classify bacteria.

Biochemical Tests

  • Tests determining the presence of bacterial enzymes.

Culture

  • Bacteria grown in laboratory media.

Clone

  • A population derived from a single parent cell.

Variant

  • Slight genetic differences without functional change.

Strain

  • Accumulated genetic differences affecting behavior.

Viral Species

  • Population of viruses occupying a specific niche.

Halophiles

  • Require salt concentration greater than 25%.

Thermophiles

  • Require growth temperature over 80°C.

Gram Positive Bacteria

  • Thick peptidoglycan cell wall; stain purple.

Gram Negative Bacteria

  • Thin peptidoglycan wall; stain pink.

Endospores

  • Resistant structures formed by certain bacteria.

Endosymbiotic Theory

  • Proto-eukaryote engulfed a protomitochondrion.

Fungi

  • Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin.
  • Develop from spores or hyphal fragments.

Plantae

  • Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis.

Animalia

  • Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic.

Mycology

  • The study of fungi.

Hyphae

  • Filaments that make up the fungal thallus (body).

Mycelium

  • A mass of hyphae.

Septate Hyphae

  • Hyphae that contain cross-walls.

Coenocytic Hyphae

  • Hyphae that do not contain septa.

Fungal Lifecycle

  • Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually via the formation of spores.

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