Microbiology First Semester Quiz

Study Notes

Microbiology Course Information

Course title: Microbiology
Level: First Level
Semester: First Semester
Academic Year: 2024-2025
University: Mansoura National University
Faculty: Faculty of Nursing

Introduction

Microbiology is crucial for nursing practice, providing understanding of microorganisms, their structure, behavior, and impact.
This course will cover immunology, genetics, virology, mycology, and infection control, emphasizing their clinical relevance.

General Bacteriology

Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms (bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses).
Microorganisms are categorized into fields, like Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, Protozoology, and Parasitology.
A microorganism is a very small organism.

Living Things: Five Kingdoms

A classification system for living things, including:
- Plants
- Animals
- Fungi
- Protista
- Bacteria

Prokaryotic Organisms

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms.
Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled organisms without a true nucleus.

Nomenclature

The first word in the name of a bacterium is the genus (capitalized) and the second is species (lowercase).
Both words should be italicized.

Typical Bacterial Cell Structure

Capsule: Composed of polysaccharides and protects cells from the immune system or antibiotics.
Cell wall: Is rigid and porous, composed of peptidoglycan, maintaining cell shape and protecting from mechanical damage.
Cell membrane: A lipid bilayer that controls the movement of substances.
Cytoplasm: Fluid within the cell with various organelles.
Pilus: Used for attachment to surfaces and gene transfer.
Flagellum: Used for movement.
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
Chromosomal DNA: Located in a region called the nucleoid and carries genetic information.

Other Cellular Components

Nucleoid region: Contains the DNA.
Mitochondria: Generate energy.
Golgi apparatus: Modifies proteins and lipids.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Folds proteins.
Nucleus: Found in eukaryotic cells with a membrane.

Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Feature	Prokaryotic Cells	Eukaryotic Cells
Cell size	Small (0.5-5 μm)	Large (5-50 μm)
Nucleus	Absent	Present
Cell division	Binary fission	Mitosis/meiosis
Sexual systems	Absent	Present
DNA	One chromosome	Multiple chromosomes
Mitochondria	Absent	Present
Golgi apparatus	Absent	Present

Microbial Growth Requirements

Macronutrients
Trace elements
Growth factors -Amino acids, purines, pyrimidines
- Vitamins
Environmental requirements
- Tempature (Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, Moderate thermophiles, Extreme thermophiles)
- pH and Oxygen

Microbial Growth and Reproduction

Microbial growth is the increase in the number of cells.
Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
Growth curve includes lag, log, stationary, and death phases.

Cultivation of Bacteria

Culture media: Nutrient materials for microbial growth.
Types of media:
- Complex Media: Plant/animal extracts
- Synthetic Media: Defined chemical compounds.

Quiz (Page 11) Questions and Answers

Note: Answers are inferred/provided from the provided text in the image and will not reflect any specific or external resources*
1:* The genus of Bacillus anthracis is Bacillus
2:* Flagella in bacteria enables movement
3:* Cell wall determines bacteria's shape

Classification of Bacteria

Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer, violet-stained
Gram-negative: Thin peptidoglycan layer, red/purple-stained
Non-gram-positive or non-gram-negative: Lacking cell walls (Mycoplasma)

Classifications of Bacteria according to Pathogenicity

Pathogenic bacteria: Capable of causing disease.
Non-pathogenic bacteria: Don't cause disease/part of normal flora

Classifications of Bacteria according to Spore Formation

Endospore forming bacteria
Non-endospore forming bacteria

Bacterial shapes and arrangements

Common bacterial shapes (cocci, bacilli, vibrio, spirillum)
Arrangements (diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, tetrads)

Quiz (Page 17) Questions and Answers

Note: Answers are inferred/provided from the provided text in the image and will not reflect any specific or external resources*
1:* The production of both bread and insulin are examples of the useful use of microorganisms in biotechnology
2:* S. aureus lacks a cell wall
3:* Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
4:* Cocci, vibrio, bacillus, and spiral are different shapes
5:* Bacteria less pathogenic than B means it's less able to make someone sick

Quizzes (Additional Questions and Answers)

Note: Answers are inferred/provided from the provided text in the image and will not reflect any specific or external resources*
1:* Facultative anaerobes can grow in the presence and absence of oxygen
2:* Hyperthermophiles like high temps (80-113°C)
3:* Bacterias reproduction rate is equal to death rate during the stationary phase
4:* Binary fission is the way bacteria reproduce

Additional Note on the provided document

This document was a syllabus from a Microbiology course at a nursing school. Specific sections of quizzes and answers have been derived from images, and might differ slightly from a dedicated study guide.