Microbiology Continuous Assessment Test 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics depict well the Enterobacteriaceae group, EXCEPT?

  • All are gram negative
  • All are facultative anaerobes
  • All are capsulated
  • Grow on bile containing agar (correct)

Which one of the following characteristics is not true regarding Enterobacteriaceae?

  • All bacteria in the group are oxidase negative (correct)
  • Shigella is a non-lactose fermenter
  • Enterobacter is a lactose fermenter
  • Salmonella ferment glucose to form hydrogen sulfide and turn TSI medium black

All of the following pathotypes of E. coli infection can lead to bloody diarrhea, EXCEPT:

  • Enteroinvasive
  • Enterohemorrhagic
  • Enterotoxigenic
  • Enteropathogenic (correct)

___ is a common cause of Travelers' diarrhea.

<p>Enterotoxigenic <em>E. coli</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are true with regard to E. coli gastroenteritis management, EXCEPT.

<p>Antibiotics are used only in severe disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ does not cause enteric fever.

<p><em>S. hirschfeldii</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enteritidis, statement ______ is not true.

<p>The infection does not enter the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With regard to salmonellosis diagnosis, pick the most correct statement.

<p>Blood is a specimen of choice for diagnosis of <em>S. typhi</em> in third week of infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The following are the features of Shigellosis, EXCEPT.

<p><em>S. sonnei</em> is the major cause of shigellosis outbreaks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding Shigellosis, which one of the following statements is true?

<p>Rectal prolapse is one of the infection's complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The following are true with regard to the diagnosis of Shigella infection, EXCEPT.

<p>Urine can be used as specimen in case stool is unavailable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is not true regarding Enteric fever.

<p>Carrier state is uncommon in human (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose the most correct statement with regard to vaccines.

<p>Inactivated vaccine cannot grow in vaccinated individual and is less effective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With regard to Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

<p>Are also known as human leukocyte antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All mentioned below are disadvantages of Immune tolerance, EXCEPT

<p>Both B cells and T cells can be made tolerant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With regard to hypersensitivity type I, one of the following is wrong

<p>The primary cellular component in this hypersensitivity is neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hypersensitivity type II, the following occurs, EXCEPT:

<p>The regulation of reaction is done by platelates, neutrophils, and eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a consequence of hypersensitivity type III.

<p>Rheumatic fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Below may result with Autoimmune diseases, EXCEPT:

<p>Increase muscle strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the following is mostly preferred test in diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis

<p>Anti-microsomal antibody test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All are systemic Autoimmune diseases, EXCEPT:

<p>Alopecia areata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both below are important properties of staphylococcal bacteria, EXCEPT:

<p>All are catalase negative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the listed bacteria is a causative of Acute bacteria endocarditis

<p>Staphylococcus aureus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All are true with regard to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), EXCEPT

<p>Sensitive to Penicillin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following pathotypes of E. coli infection can lead to bloody diarrhea, EXCEPT:

<p>Enteropathogenic <em>E. coli</em> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are true with regard to E. coli gastroenteritis management, EXCEPT.

<p>Antibiotics are used only in severe disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enteritidis, statement...... is not true.

<p>The infection does not enter the bloodstream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The following are true with regard to the diagnosis of Shigella infection, EXCEPT.

<p>Urine can be used as specimen in case stool is unavailable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

... is not true regarding Enteric fever.

<p>Carrier state is uncommon in human (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

.... is a consequence of hypersensitivity type III

<p>Rheumatic fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All are true with regard to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), EXCEPT

<p>Sensitive to Penicillin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

...is a toxic mediated infection due Staphylococcus aureus

<p>Scalded skin syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mentioned below are false with regard to the features of a hemolytic streptococci, EXCEPT:

<p>Non-hemolytic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All are virulence factors for Group A streptococci bacteria, EXCEPT:

<p>Capsule is anti-phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Listed below are true with relation to Rheumatoid arthritis, EXCEPT:

<p>Affects men three times more than females (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the mentioned below is not the function of central tolerance:

<p>Acts as positive selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is among biological factors that help to get rid of pathogens from the body?

<p>Normal flora of the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is among chemical factors that help to get rid of pathogens from the body?

<p>The low pH of sweat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following innate immunity is among mechanical factors that prevent pathogens from entering the body?

<p>Flushing action of tears and saliva (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding commensalism?

<p>Organisms that colonize body surface and do not cause any harm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteria cell has the following function, EXCEPT:

<p>Synthesize of precursors of cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

...is bacteria growth in presence and absence of oxygen.

<p>Facultative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The commonest resident bacteria of large intestine

<p>Bacteroides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the following is not method of dry heat sterilization process

<p>Radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the transmission of cholera, the following is untrue

<p>Incubation period is 6 hours to 3 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria produces infection of wounds and burns, giving rise to blue-green pus?

<p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bite by an infected flea may predispose to which of the following bacteria?

<p>Yersinia pestis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Food and water contaminated with poultry feces is the major source of the following bacteria.

<p>Campylobacter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria causes food poisoning and is self-limiting?

<p>Campylobacter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A basic Immunological (Ig) unit is composed of:

<p>2 identical heavy and 2 identical light chains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Fab region of an Ig is responsible for:

<p>Binding to antigen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements does not apply to IgG:

<p>Appears early in the primary immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IgA in seromucous secretions

<p>Is dimeric (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IgE

<p>Binds strongly to mast cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acts both as a primary pathogen and an opportunistic pathogen.

<p>Shigella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The following characteristics depict well the Enterobacteriaceae group, EXCEPT.

<p>All are capsulated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Negative Feedback

A response to a stimulus that returns a system to its set point, counteracting the initial change.

Positive Feedback

A response to a stimulus that amplifies the initial change.

Stimulus

A change in the internal environment of the body that triggers a response.

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Set Point

The normal range of values for a physiological variable.

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Adaptation

The body's ability to adjust to changes in environmental conditions.

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Thermoregulation

The process of maintaining body temperature.

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Glycemic Control

The process of regulating blood glucose levels.

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Blood Pressure Regulation

The regulation of blood pressure by the body.

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Fluid Regulation

Maintaining fluid balance within the body.

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Excretion

The process of removing waste products from the body.

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Responsiveness

The ability of the body to respond to stimuli.

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Metabolism

The process of using energy from food to perform life functions.

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Anabolism

The process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones.

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Catabolism

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.

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Fluid Balance

The process of maintaining the internal fluid environment of the body.

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Electrolyte Balance

The process of maintaining the electrolyte balance in body fluids.

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Acid-Base Balance

The process of maintaining the pH balance of body fluids.

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Oxygen Transport

The process of transporting oxygen throughout the body.

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Carbon Dioxide Removal

The process of removing carbon dioxide from the body.

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Blood Volume Regulation

The process of maintaining the proper amount of blood volume.

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Thermoregulatory Control

The process of monitoring and regulating body temperature.

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Glycemic Regulation

The process of regulating blood sugar levels.

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Blood Pressure Control

The process of regulating blood pressure.

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Renal Regulation

The process of regulating blood volume through kidney function.

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Electrolyte Regulation

The process of maintaining fluid balance through electrolyte regulation.

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Respiratory Regulation

The process of maintaining acid-base balance through respiration.

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Renal Regulation of pH

The process of regulating pH balance through kidney function.

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Muscle Contraction

Muscle contractions that occur in response to a stimulus, such as a nerve impulse, and result in a movement.

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Isotonic Contraction

Contraction in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement.

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Isometric Contraction

Contraction in which muscle tension increases, but muscle length stays the same. Think of holding a heavy object.

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Eccentric Contraction

Contraction where the muscle lengthens while generating force. Think of lowering a weight slowly.

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Muscle Atrophy

A decrease in muscle mass, often due to inactivity or aging.

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Muscle Hypertrophy

An increase in muscle mass, often due to exercise or training.

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Muscle Strength

The ability of a muscle to generate force.

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Muscle Endurance

The ability of a muscle to sustain repeated contractions over time.

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Muscle Elasticity

The ability of a muscle to stretch and return to its original length.

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Muscle Excitability

The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus.

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Tendon

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.

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Aponeurosis

A broad sheet of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.

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Insertion

The point where a muscle attaches to a bone and moves during contraction.

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Origin

The point where a muscle attaches to a bone and remains relatively stationary during contraction.

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Prime Mover

A muscle that produces a specific movement.

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Synergist

A muscle that assists the prime mover in performing a specific movement.

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Antagonist

A muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover.

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Fixator

A muscle that helps stabilize a joint to allow the prime mover to function more effectively.

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Muscle Elasticity

The ability of a muscle to stretch and return to its original length.

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Muscle Group

A muscle group that works together to perform a specific movement.

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Joint Stabilizers

A group of muscles that work together to support a specific joint.

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Postural Muscle

A muscle that helps maintain posture and balance.

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Respiratory Muscle

A muscle that is responsible for breathing.

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Ocular Muscle

A muscle that is responsible for moving the eye.

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Lingual Muscle

A muscle that is responsible for moving the tongue.

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Masseter Muscle

A muscle that is responsible for moving the jaw.

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Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

A muscle that is responsible for moving the head.

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Deltoid Muscle

A muscle that is responsible for moving the arm.

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Quadriceps Muscle

A muscle that is responsible for moving the leg.

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Gastrocnemius Muscle

A muscle that is responsible for moving the foot.

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Study Notes

Microbiology Continuous Assessment Test 1

  • General Instructions: Write name on all answer sheets; exam has two parts (70% and 20%) with multiple choice, extended matching, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer questions. Section A answered on a Zipgrade sheet, others on provided answer sheet.

Part 1: Section A - Multiple Choice

  • Question 1: Shigella acts as both a primary and opportunistic pathogen.
  • Question 2: Enterobacteriaceae are gram-negative, non-capsulated, and facultative anaerobes (except Klebsiella). They are not all capsulated.
  • Question 3: Salmonella ferment glucose to produce hydrogen sulfide, turning TSI medium black. All are oxidase negative.
  • Question 4: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli is a cause of bloody diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic E. coli is a common cause of Traveler's diarrhea. Enteroinvasive E. coli can lead to bloody diarrhea. Pathogen of E.coli infections includes Enteropathogenic E. coli.
  • Question 5: All of these are true of E. coli gastroenteritis management EXCEPT. Differentiation of pathotypes is important. Antibiotic sensitivity is important. Fluid replacement is a primary treatment. Antibiotics are used only in severe cases.
  • Question 6: Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Salmonella hirschfeldii can cause enteric fever; only S. choleraesuis does not. Human is one of the reservoirs of infection which include poultry and eggs, and it is self-limiting in 2-5 days. Infection usually does not enter the bloodstream.
  • Question 7: Regarding salmonellosis diagnosis: Urine is a specimen of choice for diagnosis of S. typhi in the first week of infection, and blood in the third. Sources include poultry and eggs.
  • Question 8: Additional questions about specific characteristics, statements, or features of certain pathogens are present but not extracted.

Part 1: Section B - Extended Matching Items

  • Question 8: Extended matching items questions are included, but specific items are not extracted from the document.

Part 2: Section C & D

  • Question 9: Fill-in-the-blank and short answer questions and are included but not extracted from the text.

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Hubert Kairuki Memorial University Microbiology and Immunology Continuous Assessment Test 1 (PDF)

Description

This quiz is designed to assess your understanding of key microbiology concepts, focusing on pathogens such as Shigella and various strains of E. coli. It includes multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer questions, testing both basic knowledge and applied concepts related to gastrointestinal diseases.

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