Microbiology Chapter 4 Flashcards
46 Questions
100 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

The term prokaryotes refers to which of the following?

  • Very small organisms
  • Unicellular organisms that have no nucleus (correct)
  • Cells that resemble animal cells more than plant cells
  • Multicellular organisms

    • The term microbiota refers to which of the following?

  • All microorganisms of the same species
  • All microorganisms in a certain geographic region
  • All microorganisms in a certain region of the human body (correct)
  • All of the microorganisms involved in a symbiotic relationship

    • Which of the following refers to the type of interaction between two prokaryotic populations in which one benefits and the other is not affected?

  • Mutualism
  • Parasitism
  • Commensalism (correct)
  • Neutralism

    • Which of the following describes Proteobacteria in domain Bacteria?

    <p>Phylum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All Alphaproteobacteria are which of the following?

    <p>Oilotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Class Betaproteobacteria includes all but which of the following genera?

    <p>Campylobacter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of which of the following?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the organelle that spirochetes use to propel themselves?

    <p>Axial filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria are the most prevalent in the human gut?

    <p>Bacteroides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to photosynthesis performed by bacteria with the use of water as the donor of electrons?

    <p>Oxygenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacterial species is classified as high G+C gram positive?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'deeply branching' refers to which of the following?

    <p>The position in the evolutionary tree of deeply branching bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these deeply branching bacteria is considered a polyextremophile?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaea and Bacteria are most similar in terms of their __________.

    <p>unicellular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of archaea that produce methane?

    <p>They live in the most extreme environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among prokaryotes, there are some that can live in every environment on earth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When prokaryotes live as interacting communities in which one population benefits to the harm of the other, the type of symbiosis is called __________.

    <p>parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The domain __________ does not include prokaryotes.

    <p>Eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathogenic bacteria that are part of the transient microbiota can sometimes be eliminated by __________ therapy.

    <p>antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide other organisms with usable nitrogen in the form of __________.

    <p>nitrites/nitrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rickettsias are __________ intracellular bacteria.

    <p>obligate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The species __________, which belongs to Epsilonproteobacteria, causes peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum.

    <p>Heliobacter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genus Salmonella belongs to the class __________ and includes pathogens that cause salmonellosis and typhoid fever.

    <p>Gammaproteobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bacterium that causes syphilis is called __________.

    <p>Treponema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria in the genus Rhodospirillum that use hydrogen for oxidation and fix nitrogen are __________ bacteria.

    <p>purple nonsulfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Streptococcus is the __________ of bacteria that is responsible for many human diseases.

    <p>lactobacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One species of Streptococcus, S.pyogenes, is classified as a __________ pathogen due to the characteristic production of pus in infections it causes.

    <p>pyogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propionibacterium belongs to __________ G+C gram-positive bacteria. One of its species is used in the food industry and another causes acne.

    <p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The length of the branches of the evolutionary tree characterizes the evolutionary __________ between organisms.

    <p>distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The deeply branching bacteria are thought to be the form of life closest to the last universal __________ __________.

    <p>common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many of the deeply branching bacteria are aquatic and hyperthermophilic, found near underwater volcanoes and thermal ocean __________.

    <p>vents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The deeply branching bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is able to survive exposure to high doses of __________.

    <p>ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is a genus of Archaea. Its optimal environmental temperature ranges from 70 °C to 80 °C, and its optimal pH is 2-3. It oxidizes sulfur and produces sulfuric acid.

    <p>Sulfolobus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ was once thought to be the cause of periodontal disease, but, more recently, the causal relationship between this archaean and the disease was not confirmed.

    <p>Methanogens- Methanobreuibacter oralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare commensalism and amensalism.

    <p>Commensalism is when one organism benefits and the other is unaffected, while amensalism is when one is harmed and the other is unaffected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of the changes of human microbiota that result from medical intervention.

    <p>Natural birth babies will come first in contact with Lactobacillus, whereas C-section babies will have completely different microbes, leading to lower immune systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metabolic difference between coliforms and noncoliforms? Which category contains several species of intestinal pathogens?

    <p>Coliforms are able to ferment lactose completely while noncoliforms can't ferment lactose or can ferment incompletely. Noncoliforms include several species of intestinal pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Mycoplasma and Chlamydia classified as obligate intracellular pathogens?

    <p>They are classified as obligate intracellular pathogens because part of their life cycle must occur inside the other cells called host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the term CFB group and name the genera that this group includes.

    <p>CFB are gram-negative nonproteobacteria that include Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides, which share a similar sequence of nucleotides in their DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name and briefly describe the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi, it's a spirochete responsible for Lyme disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Characterize the phylum Cyanobacteria.

    <p>Cyanobacteria are nonproteobacteria, the largest phylum, and are key parts of ecosystems. Their cellular immune system originated from them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name and describe two types of S.aureus that show multiple antibiotic resistance.

    <p>Methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant S.aureus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Briefly describe the significance of deeply branching bacteria for basic science and for industry.

    <p>Deeply branching bacteria are important for our understanding of evolution and may provide clues regarding the structure and function of ancient and now extinct forms of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thought to account for the unique radiation resistance of D.radiodurans?

    <p>The special ability is attributed to some unique mechanisms of DNA repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accounts for the purple color in salt ponds inhabited by halophilic archaea?

    <p>They get the color from the pigments bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the hypothesis that some archaea live on Mars?

    <p>Because the mixture of gases produced by methanogens resembles the makeup of the Martian atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prokaryotes and Microbiota

    • Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.
    • Microbiota refers to all microorganisms within a specific region of the human body.

    Interactions and Classifications

    • Commensalism describes an interaction where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected.
    • Proteobacteria is classified as a phylum within the domain Bacteria.

    Alphaproteobacteria Characteristics

    • Alphaproteobacteria are recognized as oligotrophs, thriving in low-nutrient environments.

    Betaproteobacteria Genera

    • Class Betaproteobacteria includes Neisseria, Bordetella, and Lepothrix, but not Campylobacter.

    Respiratory Infections

    • Haemophilus influenzae commonly causes upper respiratory tract infections.

    Spirochetes Movement

    • Spirochetes utilize axial filaments to propel themselves.

    Gut Flora

    • Bactericides are the most prevalent bacteria found in the human gut.

    Photosynthetic Bacteria

    • Photosynthesis performed by bacteria using water as an electron donor is termed oxygenic.

    High G+C Gram-positive Bacteria

    • Corynebacterium diphtheriae is classified as a high G+C gram-positive bacterium.

    Deeply Branching Bacteria

    • The term "deeply branching" refers to the position of these bacteria on the evolutionary tree.
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is regarded as a polyextremophile among deeply branching bacteria.

    Archaea and Bacteria Similarities

    • Archaea and Bacteria share unicellular structures, among other characteristics.

    Methanogenic Archaea

    • Archaea that produce methane predominantly live in extreme environments.

    Prokaryotes in Various Environments

    • Many prokaryotes can inhabit virtually every environment on Earth.

    Types of Symbiosis

    • Parasitism occurs when one population benefits at the expense of another.

    Prokaryote Domains

    • The domain Eukaryotes does not include prokaryotes.

    Antibiotic Therapy

    • Transient microbiota can sometimes be eliminated through antibiotic therapy.

    Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria

    • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into nitrites/nitrates for use by other organisms.

    Intracellular Bacteria

    • Rickettsias are classified as obligate intracellular bacteria.

    Ulcer-Causing Bacteria

    • Heliobacter is a genus responsible for peptic ulcers.

    Salmonella Classification

    • Salmonella belongs to the class Gammaproteobacteria.

    Bacteria Causing Syphilis

    • Treponema is the bacterium responsible for syphilis.

    Bacteria in Nitrogen Fixation

    • Purple nonsulfur bacteria, such as Rhodospirillum, are involved in hydrogen oxidation and nitrogen fixation.

    Pathogenic Streptococcus

    • Streptococcus is a genus known for causing various human diseases.

    Pyogenic Pathogen

    • Streptococcus pyogenes is classified as a pyogenic pathogen due to pus production in infections.

    G+C Content in Propionibacterium

    • Propionibacterium is categorized as low G+C gram-positive bacteria.

    Evolutionary Relationships

    • The length of branches in the evolutionary tree reflects the evolutionary distance between organisms.

    Common Ancestor

    • Deeply branching bacteria are thought to be closest to the last universal common ancestor.

    Habitats of Deeply Branching Bacteria

    • These bacteria predominantly inhabit aquatic environments, especially near underwater volcanoes.

    Radiation Resistance

    • Deinococcus radiodurans exhibits resistance to high doses of ionizing radiation due to unique DNA repair mechanisms.

    Sulfolobus Characteristics

    • Sulfolobus is an archaeal genus thriving at high temperatures and low pH, oxidizing sulfur and producing sulfuric acid.

    Methanogens and Periodontal Disease

    • Methanobrevibacter oralis was previously linked to periodontal disease, but this relationship has not been confirmed.

    Commensalism vs Amensalism

    • Commensalism involves one organism benefiting while the other remains unaffected, whereas amensalism involves one harmed and the other unaffected.

    Medical Intervention Impact on Microbiota

    • Natural birth exposes infants to lactobacillus, while C-section delivery results in different microbial exposure, affecting immune systems.

    Metabolic Differences

    • Coliforms fully ferment lactose, while noncoliforms either do not ferment it or do so incompletely.

    Obligate Intracellular Pathogens

    • Mycoplasma and Chlamydia require host cells for part of their life cycle, classifying them as obligate intracellular pathogens.

    CFB Group Characteristics

    • The CFB group consists of gram-negative nonproteobacteria, including Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides, sharing similar DNA sequences.

    Lyme Disease Bacterium

    • Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete, is the causative agent of Lyme disease.

    Cyanobacteria Traits

    • Cyanobacteria is the largest phylum of nonproteobacteria, vital in cellular immunity and ecological functions.

    Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

    • Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) are notable for multiple antibiotic resistances.

    Deeply Branching Bacteria Significance

    • These bacteria offer insights into evolution and may reveal information about extinct life forms, contributing to scientific understanding and industry applications.

    Radiation Resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans

    • This bacterium's unique ability to withstand radiation is attributed to specialized DNA repair mechanisms.

    Purple Color in Salt Ponds

    • Halophilic archaea exhibit purple coloration due to pigments such as bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids.

    Evidence of Archaea on Mars

    • The gas mix produced by methanogens mirrors that of the Martian atmosphere, supporting the hypothesis of archaeal life on Mars.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from Chapter 4 of Microbiology, focusing on the definitions and characteristics of prokaryotes and microbiota. Test your understanding of these essential microbiological terms and improve your knowledge through these flashcards.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser