Questions and Answers
What are electrons?
What does the nucleus contain?
Neutrons and protons
What are neutrons?
Uncharged particles
What are protons?
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What is matter?
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What are atoms?
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What are the three models that illustrate the structure of atoms?
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What is an element?
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What does atomic number equal?
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What is atomic weight?
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What parts of the atom interact to determine the atom's chemical behavior?
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What are valence electrons?
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What are isotopes?
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What are unstable isotopes?
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What are chemical bonds?
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What is a molecule?
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What is a compound?
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What is a covalent bond?
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What is electronegativity?
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What are the three principal types of chemical bonds?
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What are hydrogen bonds?
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What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
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What are organic compounds?
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What are polar covalent bonds?
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What are ionic bonds?
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What are salts?
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What two components form ionic bonds?
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What are the three categories of chemical reactions?
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How do hydrogen bonds help stabilize the 3-D structure of large molecules?
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What are chemical reactions?
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What are the two components of a chemical reaction?
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What is metabolism?
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What are synthesis reactions?
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What are decomposition reactions?
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What is catabolism?
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What are exchange reactions?
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What helps to stabilize the 3-D structure of large molecules?
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What are characteristics of water?
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What are electrolytes?
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What are the functions of electrolytes?
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What is an acid?
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What is a base?
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What does the pH scale measure?
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What are buffers?
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What two things must be in balance for metabolism?
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What are functional groups?
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What are macromolecules?
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What are monomers?
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What are organic macromolecules?
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What does hydrophobic mean?
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What are the four groups of lipids?
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What are waxes?
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What are carbohydrates?
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What are the functions of carbohydrates?
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What are the three types of carbohydrates?
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What are proteins?
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What are the functions of proteins?
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What are amino acids?
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How many amino acids are used to build proteins by most organisms?
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What are side groups?
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What is a peptide bond?
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What are DNA and RNA?
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What does RNA do?
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What are nucleotides?
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What are the three parts of nucleotides?
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What are the five cyclic nitrogenous bases?
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What are the two types of pentose sugar?
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How do nucleic acids hybridize?
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What is DNA's structure?
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What is the function of nucleic acids?
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Study Notes
Subatomic Particles and Atoms
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.
- Nucleus: Comprises neutrons (neutral particles) and protons (positively charged particles).
- Atoms: The smallest units of matter, forming the basic building blocks of elements.
- Matter: Any substance that has mass and occupies space.
Atomic Structure
- Atomic Number: Represents the number of protons in the nucleus, defining the element.
- Atomic Weight: The combined mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.
- Isotopes: Variants of elements that differ in their neutron count, affecting stability.
Chemical Bonds
- Chemical Bonds: Formed when atoms share or transfer valence electrons, leading to molecule formation.
- Covalent Bonds: Occur when two atoms share pairs of electrons.
- Ionic Bonds: Form when atoms with significant differences in electronegativity transfer electrons to each other.
- Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attractions between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge in another atom.
Types of Reactions
- Metabolism: Encompasses all chemical reactions within an organism, involving synthesis and breakdown processes.
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Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis: Formation of complex molecules from simpler ones.
- Decomposition: Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller units.
- Exchange: Involves both breaking and forming bonds.
Characteristics of Water
- Water exhibits cohesion and acts as an effective solvent.
- Remains liquid over a wide range of temperatures and can absorb energy without significant temperature change.
- Participates in numerous chemical reactions in biological systems.
Electrolytes and pH
- Electrolytes: Ionic compounds like salts that dissociate into cations and anions, maintaining electrical balance in cells.
- Acids and Bases: Acids release H+ in solution, whereas bases bind with H+; both are crucial for metabolic balance.
- Buffers: Substances that prevent drastic pH changes, ensuring stability in biological systems.
Macromolecules
- Four main categories: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.
- Monomers: Basic building blocks of macromolecules, such as amino acids in proteins.
- Lipids: Include fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids with specific functions in energy storage and membrane structure.
Proteins
- Made up of amino acids, which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
- Perform vital functions, including enzymatic activity, structural support, and transport.
Nucleic Acids
- Composed of nucleotides, which include a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil).
- DNA serves as genetic material, existing predominantly as double-stranded molecules, while RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.
Functional Groups and Interaction
- Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine their chemical properties and reactions.
- Hydrophobic: Describes substances that do not dissolve in water, important for structure and functionality of biological membranes.
Use these concise notes for a clear and organized overview of essential microbiological concepts regarding atomic structure, chemical bonds, metabolic processes, and biomolecular functions.
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Explore key concepts in Microbiology with these flashcards from Chapter 2. Each card provides essential definitions of fundamental terms such as electrons, protons, and atoms. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their understanding of atomic structures and subatomic particles.