Questions and Answers
What enzyme digests connective tissue of the host? (also known as the 'spreading factor')
hyaluronidase
What systemic infection, caused by S.aureus, results in abscess formation in the bone?
osteomyelitis
What toxin (a virulence factor of S.aureus) damages the cell membrane of neutrophils and macrophages, causing them to lyse?
leukocidin
A patient has symptoms of fever, vomiting, rash, and organ failure. The patient recently used tampons for the first time. What could be the cause of this disease?
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S.aureus is grown typically on what type of agar?
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What test is used to differentiate S.aureus from other strains of Staphylococcus?
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What toxin (common virulence factor of S.aureus) induces nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and acts upon the gastrointestinal tract of humans?
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Which strain of Staphylococci are commonly found in the anterior nares and in the skin, nasopharynx, and intestine? (Hint: This bacteria can cause furuncles, carbuncles, and impetigo)
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What disease would you consider the cause of an infant's red, peeling skin (desquamation)?
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What strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis populates the scalp, face, and external ear?
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An erythrogenic toxin is responsible for the bright red rash typical of this disease.
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This is a member of the alpha-hemolytic streptococci group, producing a green coloration on blood agar plates. They can be found in the oral cavity, nasopharynx, genital tract, and skin. These species can cause serious systemic infections, although most of them are opportunists.
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This is the most serious infection from viridians streptococci group. In this condition, blood-borne bacteria settle on areas of the heart lining or valves that have previously been injured by rheumatic fever or valve surgery.
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This bacteria is in the beta-hemolytic group B streptococci and is the most prevalent cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in the United States and Europe.
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This beta-hemolytic streptococcus not only causes scarlet fever. It also causes the skin infections impetigo and erysipelas.
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The name of the disease that follows overt or subclinical pharyngitis in children. This disease can cause carditis with extensive valve damage, arthritis, and chorea.
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This is a member of the Viridans group that produces slime layers that adhere to teeth. They are the basis for plaque and are involved in dental caries.
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It is an extracellular enzyme from beta-hemolytic S.pyogenes that is similar to staphylokinase that activates a pathway leading to the digestion of fibrin clots and may play a role in invasion.
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This bacterium is involved in 60% to 70% of bacterial pneumonias and is also a major cause of meningitis and otitis media in young children.
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The antibiotic test used to distinguish streptococcus pyogenes from other members of streptococci?
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What cell is gram negative, no flagella or spores, has capsules, bean-shaped and paired with flat sides touching; and has an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides in the cell wall?
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What is the name of the sexually transmitted disease that is named after the Greek physician Claudius Galen, who thought it was caused by an excess flow of semen?
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A contributing factor in the pathogenicity of Gonococcal is a protease that cleaves what mucosal surfaces and stops their protective effects?
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What is one disease found in females when an infection ascends from the vagina and cervix to higher reproductive structures such as the uterus and fallopian tubes? Also, it is characterized by fever, abdominal pain, and tenderness.
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What is a serious human pathogen that is usually associated with cerebrospinal meningitis? It has a polysaccharide capsule, adhesive fimbriae, and IgA protease.
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One of the virulence factors of N.meningitides with pathologic effects is the lipopolysaccharide released from the cell wall when the microbe lyses?
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One clinical sign of meningococcemia are small, non-raised spots called what, and are due to subcutaneous hemorrhages?
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What vaccine is used for meningococcal infection and is a meningococcal conjugate vaccine recommended for persons between 2 and 55 years of age?
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What test is used to differentiate true pathogens from normal Neisseria species that live in the human body and can be present in infections in the fluid? The specimens are taken after collection and streaked on this medium and incubated in a high CO2 atmosphere.
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What species is found in the normal human nasopharynx and is associated with several clinical syndromes such as meningitis, endocarditis, otitis media, bronchopulmonary infections, and neonatal conjunctivitis?
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Study Notes
Enzymes and Toxins
- Hyaluronidase: Enzyme that digests host connective tissue, also called "spreading factor."
- Leukocidin: Toxin from S.aureus that damages and lyses neutrophils and macrophages.
- Enterotoxins: Toxin from S.aureus that induces gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and diarrhea.
Infections and Diseases
- Osteomyelitis: Systemic infection caused by S.aureus leading to abscess formation in bones.
- Toxic Shock Syndrome: Disease characterized by fever, vomiting, rash, and organ failure, often associated with tampon use.
- Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS): Disease causing red, peeling skin in infants.
- Subacute Endocarditis: Serious infection from viridians streptococci affecting the heart lining or valves.
- Rheumatic Fever: Follows pharyngitis and can cause valvular heart damage, arthritis, and chorea.
Bacterial Identification
- S.aureus Growth Medium: Typically grown on blood agar.
- Coagulase Test: Used to differentiate S.aureus from other Staphylococcus strains.
- Bacitracin Test: Distinguishes S.pyogenes from other streptococci species.
- Thayer-Martin Medium (MTM): Test medium for differentiating true pathogens from normal Neisseria species.
Streptococci Types
- Viridians Streptococci: Alpha-hemolytic group causing opportunistic infections; produces a green coloration on blood agar.
- S.agalactiae: Beta-hemolytic streptococcus and leading cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis.
- S.pyogenes: Causes scarlet fever and skin infections, including impetigo and erysipelas.
Neisseria General Information
- Neisseriae: Gram-negative, bean-shaped bacteria with a polysaccharide capsule.
- Neisseria Meningitidis: Associated with cerebrospinal meningitis, possesses virulence factors such as IgA protease and endotoxin.
- Gonorrhea: Sexually transmitted disease linked to ancient medical theories about semen flow.
- Endotoxin: Released from N.meningitidis upon lysis, contributing to pathogenicity.
- Petechiae: Clinical signs of meningococcemia, presenting as small, nonraised spots due to hemorrhages.
Clinical Syndromes
- Branhamella (Moraxella) catarrhalis: Present in the nasopharynx, linked to various infections such as meningitis and otitis media.
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Infection in females during ascent from vagina to reproductive structures, characterized by fever and abdominal symptoms.
Vaccination
- MCV4 (Menactra): Conjugate vaccine for meningococcal infection, recommended for ages 2 to 55.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Microbiology Chapter 18 with these flashcards. This quiz covers important terms and definitions, including enzymes, infections, and toxins. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of microbiological principles.
