30 Questions
What is the term for microorganisms that cause disease?
Pathogens
What is the term for the condition in which pathogens have multiplied and destroyed many cells in body tissue?
Infection
What is the term for the technique that destroys more pathogens than medical asepsis?
Surgical Asepsis
What is the term for substances that threaten the health of living organisms?
Biological Hazards
What is the term for organisms that can directly cause human disease?
Biological Agents
What is the term for toxic or poisonous substances with a biological origin?
Biotoxins
What is the term for bacteria that are normally found in the body?
Normal Flora
What is the term for the technique of preventing the conditions that allow pathogens to live, multiply, and spread?
Medical Asepsis
What is the term for any substance that was produced by a living thing or was once a living thing?
Organic Matter
What is the term for disease-causing microorganisms that can be found on the skin and can cause infection if they enter the body?
Normal Flora
What is the primary concern associated with biting or stinging insects?
Transmission of diseases
What does the term 'Localized' refer to in the context of infections?
Confined to one area
What is the acronym SHARP used to remember?
Characteristics of localized infection
What is the term for an infectious disease that has spread to multiple countries and affected a large portion of the population?
Pandemic
What is the term for an infection acquired after admission to a healthcare facility?
Nosocomial infection
What is the primary concern associated with the ability of microorganisms to develop resistance to antibiotics?
Reduced effectiveness of antibiotics
Which of the following bacteria is resistant to Methicillin?
Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus
What is the primary mode of transmission of Clostridium difficile?
Contact with contaminated surfaces
What is the term for the highest level of exposure to a substance that a healthy person can tolerate without ill effects?
Threshold limit values
What is the primary concern associated with Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE)?
Infection in individuals with compromised immune systems
What is the primary mode of transmission for the bacteria resistant to all antibiotics, including vancomycin?
Fecal-oral route
What is the primary purpose of the Infection Prevention & Control Program?
To prevent the spread of infections in healthcare facilities
What is the most common acquired infection in healthcare facilities?
Urinary tract infections (UTI)
What is the primary method of diagnosing Tuberculosis?
Mantoux test and sputum cultures for AFB
What is the primary method of transmission for drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Direct contact
What is the primary factor that contributes to the growth of microorganisms?
All of the above
What is the primary purpose of the infection cycle?
To describe the process of infection transmission
What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis?
Direct contact through body secretions
What is the primary method of interrupting the infection cycle?
Implementing infection control measures for each component of the infection cycle
What is the primary reservoir host for infectious agents?
Any of the above
Study Notes
Microorganisms and Infection
- Microorganisms are living things that can only be seen through a microscope
- Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms
- Bacteria are microorganisms that may or may not be pathogens
- Normal Flora are bacteria normally found in the body
- Infection is a condition in body tissue where pathogens have multiplied and destroyed many cells
- Clean refers to being uncontaminated by harmful microorganisms
- Dirty refers to being contaminated by harmful microorganisms
- Asepsis is the absence of disease-causing organisms
Biological Hazards
- Biological hazards are substances that threaten the health of living organisms
- Examples of biological hazards include:
- Biological agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi)
- Biotoxins (toxic substances with a biological origin)
- Animal waste and products
- Organic matter (substance that used to be a living thing or was produced by a living thing)
- Biting or stinging insects
Infection Control
- Medical Asepsis is a technique that prevents the conditions that allow pathogens to live, multiply, and spread (also called clean technique)
- Surgical Asepsis is a technique that destroys more pathogens than medical asepsis (also called sterile technique)
- Normal flora can cause infection if it enters the body
- Biological hazards can be prevented through Due Diligence (doing everything reasonable to protect health and safety)
Types of Infections
- Localized infection: confined to one area, signs include swelling, redness, pain, loss of function, pus, and heat
- Generalized infection: spread throughout the body, signs include increased temperature, lethargy, and generalized pain
- Nosocomial Infection (HAI): infection acquired after admission to a health care facility
- Endemic: an infectious disease that spreads throughout an area, community, or country
- Outbreak: a more serious epidemic that has spread to a new area
- Epidemic: a rapid spread of an infectious disease that affects a large portion of the population
- Pandemic: a widespread epidemic that affects multiple countries and a large portion of the population
Diseases
- Tuberculosis (TB): respiratory illness diagnosed by a Mantoux test and chest x-ray and sputum cultures for AFB (acid-fast bacilli)
- Hepatitis: infection of the liver (Hep A, B, C)
- HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS)
- Influenza
- Childhood communicable diseases (chicken pox, Rubella, Measles, Mumps, Whooping Cough, Polio)
Infection Cycle
- Infectious agent: any disease-causing organism (pathogen)
- Reservoir Host: places in which microorganisms can thrive and reproduce
- Portal of Exit: a place of exit for microorganisms to leave the reservoir
- Route of Transmission: direct contact, air, insects, etc.
- Portal of Entry: respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts
- Susceptible Host: people with suppressed immune systems
Learn about microorganisms, pathogens, and the importance of asepsis in preventing infections. Understand the differences between clean, dirty, and normal flora in the human body.
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