Microbiology Antibiotics Quiz
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which type of bacteria primarily contains peptidoglycan?

  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Anaerobic organisms
  • Gram negative organisms
  • Gram positive organisms (correct)

    • Which Gram positive cocci is specifically mentioned as being treated with natural penicillins?

  • Streptococcus (correct)
  • Enterococcus
  • Staphylococcus
  • Enterobacter

    • What class of antibiotics does Dicloxacillin belong to?

  • Natural penicillins
  • Aminopenicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (correct)

    • Which of the following bacteria is grouped as a Gram negative rod?

    <p>E. Coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is ideal for treating Streptococcal pharyngitis?

    <p>Benzylpenicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are Actinomyces and Bacteroides categorized as?

    <p>Anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a class of β-lactams?

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is NOT part of the ESCAPPMs group that produces inducible β-lactamase?

    <p>Klebsiella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of antimicrobial stewardship programs?

    <p>To improve appropriate antimicrobial usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a required component of an antimicrobial stewardship program?

    <p>A lead doctor and pharmacist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is empirical therapy based on?

    <p>Most likely organisms and their susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much can antimicrobial stewardship programs reduce antimicrobial use by?

    <p>22-36%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes directed therapy?

    <p>Using culture and susceptibility test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who regulates the requirements for antimicrobial stewardship programs in Australian hospitals?

    <p>Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one goal of using the narrowest spectrum agent first in empirical therapy?

    <p>To minimize unnecessary exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a role of the multidisciplinary team in antimicrobial stewardship?

    <p>Prescribing antibiotics exclusively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided while taking tetracyclines to ensure proper absorption?

    <p>Antacid medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic can be used for mild pneumonia that covers strep and is also effective against some strep resistance?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient is not improving after 48 hours on pneumonia treatment, what should be the next step?

    <p>Add both Amoxicillin and Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of tetracyclines that requires precautions?

    <p>Sensitivity to sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an essential strategy for antimicrobial stewardship programs?

    <p>Automated refills of prescriptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the letter 'R' seen in clinical microbiology results?

    <p>Indicates resistant to the antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what time frame can tetracyclines be considered safe for use in children under the age of 18 weeks?

    <p>In the first 18 weeks only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macrolide antibiotic is primarily known for having immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended practice after taking tetracyclines to avoid esophageal problems?

    <p>Remain upright for 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of pneumonia cases can be caused by atypical bacteria?

    <p>15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily associated with beta-lactam allergies?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes macrolides?

    <p>Affects both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of anaphylaxis occurring in patients receiving beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>1 in 10,000 courses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic interaction of clarithromycin?

    <p>It inhibits P-glycoprotein (P-gp).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cephalosporin can be used in patients with a mild urticarial rash from an immediate non-severe allergy?

    <p>Cefazolin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tetracyclines is commonly prescribed for the treatment of infections caused by atypical bacteria?

    <p>Minocycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable effect of macrolides on the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>They act as prokinetic agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria are known to produce Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL)?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using carbapenems like imipenem and meropenem?

    <p>Infection with ESBL-producing organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is specifically covered by macrolides?

    <p>Mycoplasma spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibition of which enzyme is caused by both clarithromycin and erythromycin?

    <p>CYP3A4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients allergic to penicillin are likely to also be allergic to cephalosporins, according to the older theory?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cephalosporins should be avoided in patients allergic to amoxicillin?

    <p>Cefalexin and Cefaclor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is not included in antimicrobial stewardship programs?

    <p>Encouraging the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics without restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aminoglycosides is NOT mentioned in the provided content?

    <p>Neomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for monitoring aminoglycosides if treatment exceeds 48 hours?

    <p>To prevent overdose and minimize risk of toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ototoxicity is associated with balance issues such as nausea and vertigo?

    <p>Vestibular ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method for monitoring aminoglycosides in clinical use?

    <p>Calculating the AUC after administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may indicate the clinical use of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Severe gram-negative rod infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be taken into consideration if a patient is treated with aminoglycosides for more than 7 to 10 days?

    <p>Anticipation of nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacterial types should be covered when treating febrile neutropenia?

    <p>Gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with aminoglycosides when peak levels are always high?

    <p>Risk of toxicity even with low trough concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacteria and Peptidoglycan

    • Gram-positive bacteria primarily contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
    • Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan, which is sandwiched between an outer membrane and an inner membrane.

    Treatment of Gram-positive Cocci

    • Natural penicillins are effective against Streptococcus pyogenes, a Gram-positive cocci responsible for Strep throat.

    Antibiotics

    • Dicloxacillin belongs to the penicillin class of antibiotics.
    • Tetracycline is another common class of antibiotics used to treat infections, with specific precautions.

    Bacterial Identification and Grouping

    • Gram-negative rods are a category of bacterial morphology, and an example given is Escherichia coli.
    • Actinomyces and Bacteroides are classified as anaerobic bacteria.

    Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) Programs

    • AMS programs aim to promote responsible use of antimicrobial agents, reducing antibiotic resistance and improving patient outcomes.
    • They are required in Australian hospitals and healthcare settings.
    • A key component of an AMS program is education for physicians and other healthcare workers.

    Antimicrobial Therapy and its Types

    • Empirical therapy uses antibiotics based on clinical suspicion and the most likely pathogens, before culture results are available.
    • Directed therapy is antibiotic treatment tailored to confirmed or suspected pathogens based on laboratory identification.
    • One goal of narrow-spectrum therapy is to minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance.

    Key Considerations in Antimicrobial Stewardship

    • In empirical therapy, the narrowest-spectrum agent should be used first to avoid unnecessary exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics.
    • Tetracyclines should be taken on an empty stomach for optimal absorption.
    • Amoxicillin is a good choice for mild pneumonia that covers strep and some resistance, however, if the patient is not improving after 48 hours, further investigation and possibly different treatment is needed.
    • Tetracyclines can cause photosensitivity, which means that the skin becomes more sensitive to sunlight.
    • Tetracyclines should not be used in children under 18 weeks old due to tooth discoloration and other harmful developmental effects.

    Clarithromycin

    • Clarithromycin has a key distinction from other macrolides in that it has significant immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.
    • Taking tetracycline with plenty of water and staying upright afterward can prevent esophageal problems.

    Pneumonia Causes and Hypersensitivity

    • Atypical bacteria are responsible for about 20% of pneumonia cases.
    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions are the most frequent type of allergic reaction with beta-lactam allergies.

    Macrolide Antibiotics

    • Macrolides are a group of antibiotics with a broad antimicrobial spectrum and generally a favorable safety profile.
    • There is an estimated 1-10% risk of developing anaphylaxis when receiving beta-lactam antibiotics.
    • Clarithromycin has a relevant drug interaction: it inhibits the metabolism of certain medications, potentially leading to increased blood levels.

    Cephalosporin Antibiotics

    • Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin and can be used in patients with a mild urticarial rash from a non-severe beta-lactam allergy.

    Tetracyclines for Atypical Bacteria

    • Doxycycline, a tetracycline, is commonly prescribed for atypical bacteria.
    • Macrolides have a known side effect of gastrointestinal upset, such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.

    Carbapenems for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

    • Carbapenems like imipenem and meropenem are used for severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.

    Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

    • Aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, are bactericidal antibiotics.
    • They are used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
    • Macrolides are effective against atypical respiratory pathogens like Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
    • Clarithromycin and erythromycin inhibit the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria.

    Considerations in Penicillin Allergies

    • 10–20% of patients allergic to penicillin are likely to also be allergic to cephalosporins (older theory- newer research suggests it is less).
    • Cefuroxime and ceftazidime should be avoided in patients with amoxicillin allergy.

    Cefazolin

    • Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin that can be used in patients with a mild urticarial rash from a non-severe beta-lactam allergy. It's important to note that even mild urticaria can sometimes be associated with more severe allergic reactions in the future.

    Important Note About Antibiotic Resistance

    • It's crucial to avoid using unnecessary antibiotics to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance. The misuse of antibiotics can lead to the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms, which are difficult to treat.

    Monitoring Aminoglycosides

    • Aminoglycosides require monitoring due to potential for toxicity if treatment exceeds 48 hours.

    Ototoxicity

    • Vestibular ototoxicity is a type of ototoxicity that affects balance and can cause nausea and vertigo.

    Monitoring Aminoglycosides

    • The preferred monitoring method for aminoglycosides is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).
    • Aminoglycosides are clinically used to specifically target infections like Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
    • Nephrotoxicity, renal damage, should be considered when treating patients with aminoglycosides for more than 7-10 days.
    • Gram-negative bacilli should be covered when treating febrile neutropenia, which is a serious condition characterized by fever and low white blood count.
    • Aminoglycosides can cause nephrotoxicity (damage to the kidneys). This risk is increased if peak levels are always high.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    L16-18 Practice Points on Antimicrobials (Practice Points) PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of antibiotics and bacteria in this quiz focusing on Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbes, peptidoglycan structure, and the essential components of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Perfect for students and professionals in microbiology.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser