Microbiology and Pathogenesis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

A MO can cause different pathogenesis based on geographic area.

True (A)

Endemic refers to a disease that exists temporarily in a region.

False (B)

The season is a factor that can affect the pathogenesis of a MO.

True (A)

Age group does not play a role in the pathogenesis caused by a MO.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A MO's relationship with specific pathogenesis can be described in three terms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beta lactamase is an example of a detoxifying enzyme.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Teichoic acid is a fixed structure within the cell wall.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

D-alanine is involved in bacterial cell stabilization.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alkalinephosphtase is a type of amino acid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure of teichoic acid consists of glycerol or ribitol.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The decline phase occurs when nutrients are depleted in the medium.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All bacteria continue to thrive during the decline phase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toxic products are released as bacteria die and break down.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The growth of bacteria increases during the decline phase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nutrient depletion has no effect on bacterial growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first case is less severe than the other one.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High levels of LPS in circulation can lead to quick sepsis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second case has higher amounts of LPS than the first case.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sepsis can occur rapidly due to the presence of LPS.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

LPS is not a factor in the severity of the first case.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sepsis involves the release of chemicals that trigger inflammatory reactions into the bloodstream.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are two stages of sepsis identified by doctors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sepsis happens when an infection reaches the bloodstream.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation in the body is not a result of sepsis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Doctors consider the inflammatory reactions as a critical aspect of sepsis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

HSP is destroyed due to lytic enzymes after the heat is regulated to normal.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

CSP functions the same way as HSP when the temperature decreases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

HSP is resistant to lytic enzymes at normal temperatures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

CSP is produced under high temperature conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lytic enzymes play no role in the destruction of HSP.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endemic Disease

A disease constantly present in a specific region or population.

Pathogenesis

How a microorganism (MO) causes a disease.

Geographic Area

A location or region where something occurs or is found.

Age group

A group of people of similar ages.

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Season

A period of the year with specific weather patterns.

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Detoxifying enzymes

Enzymes that break down harmful substances in a cell.

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Beta-lactamase

A detoxifying enzyme that breaks down beta-lactam antibiotics.

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Alkaline phosphatase

A detoxifying enzyme that breaks down certain substances.

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Teichoic acid

A component of bacterial cell walls, made of glycerol or ribitol.

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Variable teichoic acid structure

Teichoic acid's structure isn't fixed; it varies.

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Severe sepsis

Sepsis caused by very high levels of LPS released into the bloodstream.

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LPS

Lipopolysaccharide, a substance released during infections and causing severe responses in the body.

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Sepsis definition

Sepsis occurs when infection spreads to the bloodstream, causing inflammation throughout the body.

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Circulation

The movement of blood throughout the body.

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Sepsis cause

Inflammatory chemicals released into the bloodstream trigger sepsis.

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High LPS levels

Very high concentrations of Lipopolysaccharide in the blood.

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Sepsis stage 1

The stage where infection spreads to the bloodstream and causes inflammation.

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Sepsis stages

Sepsis progresses through several stages.

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Inflammation effect

Inflammation causes a reaction in the bloodstream that is a part of sepsis

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Decline Phase

The stage in bacterial growth where nutrients are depleted, leading to a gradual decrease in growth and eventual death of bacteria.

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Nutrient Depletion

The process where essential nutrients in the growth medium become exhausted, leading to bacterial decline.

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Toxic Products

Harmful substances released due to the death and breakdown of bacteria during the decline phase.

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Growth Decrease

The gradual reduction in bacterial population during the decline phase, as nutrient depletion slows reproduction.

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Bacterial Death

The ultimate outcome of the decline phase, where bacteria die off due to lack of resources and accumulation of toxic products.

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Lytic enzymes

Lytic enzymes are proteins that break down other proteins, destroying cells.

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HSP destruction

When heat stress subsides, HSPs are no longer needed and are destroyed by lytic enzymes.

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CSP function

CSPs help cells survive and function in cold environments, similar to how HSPs help cells cope with heat.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Microbiology

  • Microbiology is the study of microorganisms
  • Bacteria are prokaryotes
  • Viruses are not microorganisms outside the host cell
  • Fungi and parasites are eukaryotes
  • Microorganisms are ubiquitous, with 100 million times more bacteria in the ocean than stars in the known universe
  • Microbes account for over 90% of the human body's cells
  • More than 8% of human DNA comes from viral remnants

Infection vs. Disease

  • Infection occurs when microorganisms enter and multiply in the body
  • Asymptomatic infection is without symptoms
  • Clinical infection is with symptoms
  • A carrier is an asymptomatic individual who can transmit a disease
  • Infectious diseases transmit easily

Characteristics of Microorganisms

  • Continuity: microorganisms adapt to various environments
  • Infectious dose: the amount of microorganisms needed to cause disease varies greatly between different types of bacteria

Pathogenesis

  • The stages of infection
  • Reservoir is the individual where infectious agents live and multiply

Types of Bacteria

  • Primary pathogens cause disease upon infection
  • Non-pathogens are normal flora, usually not harmful.
  • Opportunistic pathogens cause disease under certain circumstances,

Microbial Classification

  • classification of bacteria based on their shape: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod shaped), spirilla (spiral), vibrios (comma-shaped).
  • Based on staining techniques: Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative
  • Based on oxygen requirement: Aerobic (need oxygen to survive) and Anaerobic (lack oxygen).
  • Classification based on the presence or absence of endospores (resistant to extreme conditions): Bacillus; Clostridium.

Methods of Bacterial Identification

  • Staining: general method to classify and identify bacterial specimens
  • DNA or RNA analysis: highly sensitive and specific, used for definitive identification.
  • Antibiogram: used to assess a microorganism's susceptibility to different drugs
  • Colonial appearance: a characteristic of bacterial growth on a culture medium

Bacterial Cell Components

  • Nucleoid: the region of the cell that contains the genetic material. DNA.

  • Plasmids: small circular DNA molecules that often carry genes that aid bacterial survival (such as antibiotic resistance).

  • Ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis.

  • Plasma Membrane: Outer protective layer of the cell.

Bacterial Cell Wall

  • Peptidoglycan (murein layer): the strong structure of bacterial cell

  • Teichoic acid: found in the walls of gram-positive bacteria.

Bacterial Cell Wall-gram+ vs gram-

  • Gram Positive: thick peptidoglycan layer.
  • Gram Negative: thinner peptidoglycan layer, with an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Bacterial Structures

  • Flagella: protein structures for motility.
  • Pili: surface appendages for adhesion.
  • Capsule: polysaccharide layer that protect the bacteria from phagocytosis.

Bacterial Transport

  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Active Transport
  • Group Translocation
  • Chemoosmosis

Bacterial Identification

  • Staining procedures (gram staining, acid fast staining)
  • Biochemical tests (for certain enzymes)
  • Detection of specific molecules (antigens) on the cell walls.
  • Antibiogram (susceptibility testing)

Bacteria Growth Requirements

  • Carbon (sources: sugars, glucose)
  • Nitrogen (sources: nitrates and nitrites)
  • Phosphorus (inorganic sources)
  • Metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Na+), required for many biological actions

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Description

Test your knowledge on microbiology and the pathogenesis of microorganisms (MOs). This quiz covers important concepts such as endemic diseases, the role of enzymes like beta lactamase, and various factors influencing bacterial growth. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these crucial biological processes.

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