Podcast
Questions and Answers
A MO can cause different pathogenesis based on geographic area.
A MO can cause different pathogenesis based on geographic area.
True
Endemic refers to a disease that exists temporarily in a region.
Endemic refers to a disease that exists temporarily in a region.
False
The season is a factor that can affect the pathogenesis of a MO.
The season is a factor that can affect the pathogenesis of a MO.
True
Age group does not play a role in the pathogenesis caused by a MO.
Age group does not play a role in the pathogenesis caused by a MO.
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A MO's relationship with specific pathogenesis can be described in three terms.
A MO's relationship with specific pathogenesis can be described in three terms.
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Beta lactamase is an example of a detoxifying enzyme.
Beta lactamase is an example of a detoxifying enzyme.
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Teichoic acid is a fixed structure within the cell wall.
Teichoic acid is a fixed structure within the cell wall.
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D-alanine is involved in bacterial cell stabilization.
D-alanine is involved in bacterial cell stabilization.
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Alkalinephosphtase is a type of amino acid.
Alkalinephosphtase is a type of amino acid.
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The structure of teichoic acid consists of glycerol or ribitol.
The structure of teichoic acid consists of glycerol or ribitol.
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The decline phase occurs when nutrients are depleted in the medium.
The decline phase occurs when nutrients are depleted in the medium.
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All bacteria continue to thrive during the decline phase.
All bacteria continue to thrive during the decline phase.
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Toxic products are released as bacteria die and break down.
Toxic products are released as bacteria die and break down.
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The growth of bacteria increases during the decline phase.
The growth of bacteria increases during the decline phase.
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Nutrient depletion has no effect on bacterial growth.
Nutrient depletion has no effect on bacterial growth.
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The first case is less severe than the other one.
The first case is less severe than the other one.
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High levels of LPS in circulation can lead to quick sepsis.
High levels of LPS in circulation can lead to quick sepsis.
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The second case has higher amounts of LPS than the first case.
The second case has higher amounts of LPS than the first case.
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Sepsis can occur rapidly due to the presence of LPS.
Sepsis can occur rapidly due to the presence of LPS.
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LPS is not a factor in the severity of the first case.
LPS is not a factor in the severity of the first case.
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Sepsis involves the release of chemicals that trigger inflammatory reactions into the bloodstream.
Sepsis involves the release of chemicals that trigger inflammatory reactions into the bloodstream.
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There are two stages of sepsis identified by doctors.
There are two stages of sepsis identified by doctors.
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Sepsis happens when an infection reaches the bloodstream.
Sepsis happens when an infection reaches the bloodstream.
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Inflammation in the body is not a result of sepsis.
Inflammation in the body is not a result of sepsis.
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Doctors consider the inflammatory reactions as a critical aspect of sepsis.
Doctors consider the inflammatory reactions as a critical aspect of sepsis.
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HSP is destroyed due to lytic enzymes after the heat is regulated to normal.
HSP is destroyed due to lytic enzymes after the heat is regulated to normal.
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CSP functions the same way as HSP when the temperature decreases.
CSP functions the same way as HSP when the temperature decreases.
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HSP is resistant to lytic enzymes at normal temperatures.
HSP is resistant to lytic enzymes at normal temperatures.
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CSP is produced under high temperature conditions.
CSP is produced under high temperature conditions.
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Lytic enzymes play no role in the destruction of HSP.
Lytic enzymes play no role in the destruction of HSP.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Microbiology
- Microbiology is the study of microorganisms
- Bacteria are prokaryotes
- Viruses are not microorganisms outside the host cell
- Fungi and parasites are eukaryotes
- Microorganisms are ubiquitous, with 100 million times more bacteria in the ocean than stars in the known universe
- Microbes account for over 90% of the human body's cells
- More than 8% of human DNA comes from viral remnants
Infection vs. Disease
- Infection occurs when microorganisms enter and multiply in the body
- Asymptomatic infection is without symptoms
- Clinical infection is with symptoms
- A carrier is an asymptomatic individual who can transmit a disease
- Infectious diseases transmit easily
Characteristics of Microorganisms
- Continuity: microorganisms adapt to various environments
- Infectious dose: the amount of microorganisms needed to cause disease varies greatly between different types of bacteria
Pathogenesis
- The stages of infection
- Reservoir is the individual where infectious agents live and multiply
Types of Bacteria
- Primary pathogens cause disease upon infection
- Non-pathogens are normal flora, usually not harmful.
- Opportunistic pathogens cause disease under certain circumstances,
Microbial Classification
- classification of bacteria based on their shape: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod shaped), spirilla (spiral), vibrios (comma-shaped).
- Based on staining techniques: Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative
- Based on oxygen requirement: Aerobic (need oxygen to survive) and Anaerobic (lack oxygen).
- Classification based on the presence or absence of endospores (resistant to extreme conditions): Bacillus; Clostridium.
Methods of Bacterial Identification
- Staining: general method to classify and identify bacterial specimens
- DNA or RNA analysis: highly sensitive and specific, used for definitive identification.
- Antibiogram: used to assess a microorganism's susceptibility to different drugs
- Colonial appearance: a characteristic of bacterial growth on a culture medium
Bacterial Cell Components
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Nucleoid: the region of the cell that contains the genetic material. DNA.
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Plasmids: small circular DNA molecules that often carry genes that aid bacterial survival (such as antibiotic resistance).
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Ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis.
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Plasma Membrane: Outer protective layer of the cell.
Bacterial Cell Wall
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Peptidoglycan (murein layer): the strong structure of bacterial cell
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Teichoic acid: found in the walls of gram-positive bacteria.
Bacterial Cell Wall-gram+ vs gram-
- Gram Positive: thick peptidoglycan layer.
- Gram Negative: thinner peptidoglycan layer, with an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Bacterial Structures
- Flagella: protein structures for motility.
- Pili: surface appendages for adhesion.
- Capsule: polysaccharide layer that protect the bacteria from phagocytosis.
Bacterial Transport
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Group Translocation
- Chemoosmosis
Bacterial Identification
- Staining procedures (gram staining, acid fast staining)
- Biochemical tests (for certain enzymes)
- Detection of specific molecules (antigens) on the cell walls.
- Antibiogram (susceptibility testing)
Bacteria Growth Requirements
- Carbon (sources: sugars, glucose)
- Nitrogen (sources: nitrates and nitrites)
- Phosphorus (inorganic sources)
- Metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Na+), required for many biological actions
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Description
Test your knowledge on microbiology and the pathogenesis of microorganisms (MOs). This quiz covers important concepts such as endemic diseases, the role of enzymes like beta lactamase, and various factors influencing bacterial growth. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these crucial biological processes.
