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Questions and Answers
Who is known as the Father of Modern Microbiology?
Who is known as the Father of Modern Microbiology?
Joseph Lister is credited with the development of the first vaccine.
Joseph Lister is credited with the development of the first vaccine.
False (B)
What year did Edward Jenner develop the smallpox vaccine?
What year did Edward Jenner develop the smallpox vaccine?
1796
Robert Koch introduced the use of ___ media for the culture of bacteria.
Robert Koch introduced the use of ___ media for the culture of bacteria.
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Which of the following diseases did Louis Pasteur develop a vaccine for?
Which of the following diseases did Louis Pasteur develop a vaccine for?
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Match the following individuals to their contributions:
Match the following individuals to their contributions:
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Koch's phenomenon describes a hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculosis bacilli.
Koch's phenomenon describes a hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculosis bacilli.
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What technique did Louis Pasteur develop to preserve food?
What technique did Louis Pasteur develop to preserve food?
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What contributed to the development of microbiology as a scientific discipline in the late 1800s?
What contributed to the development of microbiology as a scientific discipline in the late 1800s?
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Prof. Charles E. Sedillot was the first person to observe microorganisms.
Prof. Charles E. Sedillot was the first person to observe microorganisms.
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Which microorganism did Martinus W. Beijerinck isolate that is responsible for fixing atmospheric nitrogen?
Which microorganism did Martinus W. Beijerinck isolate that is responsible for fixing atmospheric nitrogen?
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The term ______ was given by Prof. Charles E. Sedillot.
The term ______ was given by Prof. Charles E. Sedillot.
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Match the following scientists with their contributions:
Match the following scientists with their contributions:
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When did Louis Pasteur publish his papers regarding yeasts and bacteria?
When did Louis Pasteur publish his papers regarding yeasts and bacteria?
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Microbes play a significant role in human affairs according to scientists after the 1800s.
Microbes play a significant role in human affairs according to scientists after the 1800s.
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How long ago did the first microbe (prokaryote) evolve?
How long ago did the first microbe (prokaryote) evolve?
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Which type of microbes lack a membrane-bound nucleus?
Which type of microbes lack a membrane-bound nucleus?
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Aquatic microenvironments occupy less than 50% of the Earth's surface.
Aquatic microenvironments occupy less than 50% of the Earth's surface.
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What is the study of fungi called?
What is the study of fungi called?
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The study of single-celled eukaryotes is known as ______.
The study of single-celled eukaryotes is known as ______.
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Match the following branches of microbiology with their focus:
Match the following branches of microbiology with their focus:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of terrestrial microenvironments?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of terrestrial microenvironments?
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Microbial diversity is solely limited to bacteria and viruses.
Microbial diversity is solely limited to bacteria and viruses.
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What role do aquatic microbiota play in the ecosystem?
What role do aquatic microbiota play in the ecosystem?
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What type of relationship benefits both partners?
What type of relationship benefits both partners?
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Amensalism occurs when one individual benefits and the other is harmed.
Amensalism occurs when one individual benefits and the other is harmed.
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What is the term for a relationship where one organism lives on or in another organism?
What is the term for a relationship where one organism lives on or in another organism?
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In a mutualistic relationship, both partners ______.
In a mutualistic relationship, both partners ______.
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Which term describes the relationship where microorganisms compete for limited nutrients?
Which term describes the relationship where microorganisms compete for limited nutrients?
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Match the type of interaction with its description:
Match the type of interaction with its description:
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Competition always leads to the extinction of one of the organisms involved.
Competition always leads to the extinction of one of the organisms involved.
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What are the negative associations that encompass antagonism, competition, and parasitism?
What are the negative associations that encompass antagonism, competition, and parasitism?
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What is the formula to calculate total magnification in microscopy?
What is the formula to calculate total magnification in microscopy?
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Resolution refers to the ability to distinguish two points that are far apart.
Resolution refers to the ability to distinguish two points that are far apart.
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What was the resolving power of Leeuwenhoek's microscopes?
What was the resolving power of Leeuwenhoek's microscopes?
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Modern microscopes have a resolving power of as close as _____ mm.
Modern microscopes have a resolving power of as close as _____ mm.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which type of radiation do modern microscopes use to achieve better resolution?
Which type of radiation do modern microscopes use to achieve better resolution?
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Why is contrast important in microscopy?
Why is contrast important in microscopy?
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Most microorganisms are highly colored, making them easy to see under a microscope.
Most microorganisms are highly colored, making them easy to see under a microscope.
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Which staining solution is NOT mentioned as being useful in electron microscopy?
Which staining solution is NOT mentioned as being useful in electron microscopy?
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Aseptic techniques are only necessary for preventing contamination in microbiology labs.
Aseptic techniques are only necessary for preventing contamination in microbiology labs.
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What is the purpose of staining solutions in histology, virology, and pathology?
What is the purpose of staining solutions in histology, virology, and pathology?
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The primary goal of aseptic techniques is to prevent __________ of cultures and solutions.
The primary goal of aseptic techniques is to prevent __________ of cultures and solutions.
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Match the following aseptic techniques with their correct description:
Match the following aseptic techniques with their correct description:
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What should be avoided while working with cultures or sterile instruments?
What should be avoided while working with cultures or sterile instruments?
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A completely sterile working environment is achievable in a laboratory setting.
A completely sterile working environment is achievable in a laboratory setting.
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Name one common procedure to reduce the risk of culture contamination.
Name one common procedure to reduce the risk of culture contamination.
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Study Notes
Microbiology and Parasitology: History & Development
- Microbiology is the study of nature, proceeding with questions about observations
- Early Greek physicians and historians like Hippocrates, Thucydides, and Aristotle questioned disease links to environment and why some survived plagues.
- Aristotle proposed spontaneous generation (life from non-living matter)
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1677) observed single-celled organisms (animalcules) using handcrafted microscopes.
- Development was slow due to Leeuwenhoek's secrecy and scientists viewing microbes as insignificant in the 1700s.
- Improvements in microscopes, new techniques, and experimental evidence propelled microbiology.
- The term "microbe" was coined by Prof. Charles E. Sedillot (1804-1833).
- Louis Pasteur demonstrated specific yeast and bacterial functions in fermentation and pasteurization methods between 1857-1860.
- Martinus W. Beijerinck contributed to microbial ecology and isolated nitrogen-fixing microbes.
- Microbes (prokaryotes) evolved around 3.6 billion years ago.
Microbiology and Parasitology: Key Contributors
- Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (1676): First to observe bacteria.
Microbiology and Parasitology: Animalcules
- Term for microscopic organisms including bacteria, protozoans, and very small animals.
Microbiology and Parasitology: Edward Jenner
- Developed the first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox virus, giving rise to the term "vaccine".
Microbiology and Parasitology: Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
- Considered the Father of Modern Microbiology and Bacteriology.
- Proved principles of fermentation for food preservation.
- Introduced sterilization techniques (steam sterilizer, hot air oven, autoclave).
- Described pasteurization of milk.
- Developed vaccines against anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.
- Disproven spontaneous generation, proposing the Germ Theory of Disease.
Microbiology and Parasitology: Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
- Considered the father of antiseptic surgery.
- Reduced infections with surgical disinfectants, instrument sterilization, and wound cleaning.
Microbiology and Parasitology: Robert Koch (1843-1910)
- Made significant contributions to microbiology.
- Developed solid media for bacterial culture.
- First to isolate bacteria in pure culture.
- Discovered anthrax, tubercle, and cholera bacilli.
- Introduced staining techniques using aniline dyes.
- Developed Koch's postulates for proving pathogenicity.
- Observed Koch's phenomenon (hypersensitivity reaction to tubercle bacilli).
Microbiology and Parasitology: Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)
- Considered the Father of chemotherapy.
- Discovered acid-fast nature of tubercle bacillus.
- Developed tissue and blood cell staining techniques.
- Proposed toxin-antitoxin interaction (Ehrlich phenomenon).
- Developed methods for standardizing toxins and antitoxins.
- Provided the means for naming bacteria (E. coli).
Microbiology and Parasitology: Hans Christian Gram (1884)
- Developed Gram staining method for visualizing and differentiating bacteria.
Microbiology and Parasitology: Charles Chamberland
- Constructed a porcelain bacterial filter (1884), enabling virus discovery.
Microbiology and Parasitology: Other Important Figures
- Ernst Ruska (electron microscope - 1931).
- Alexander Fleming (penicillin - 1929).
- Elie Melchnikoff (studied phagocytosis).
- Waller Gilbert and Frederick Sanger (DNA sequencing - 1977)
- Karry B Mullis (polymerase chain reaction - PCR - 1993).
Realm of Microbial Existence
- Terrestrial Communities: microbes in soil, rainforests.
- Aquatic Communities: microbes in oceans and other water bodies.
- Extremophile Communities: microbes thriving in extreme environments (hot, acidic, salty etc).
Associations of Microorganisms with other Organisms
- Neutralism: microbes coexist without affecting each other.
- Positive: Mutualism (both benefit), Syntrophism (exchange nutrition), Proto-cooperation, Commensalism (one benefits, other unaffected).
- Negative: Antagonism, Competition, Parasitism, Amensalism, Predation.
Microbes and Aseptic Techniques
- Aseptic Techniques: procedures preventing contamination in microbiology.
- Rules to follow during aseptic technique. Examples are outlined.
Microscopy and Techniques
General Principles:
- Wavelength radiation: visible light and its wavelengths.
- Magnification (using lenses that refract light)
- Resolution: distinguish close objects (influenced by wavelength, numerical aperture).
- Contrast: distinguish objects from background.
- Common Laboratory Tools: homogenizer, hot plate, hot air oven, magnetic stirrer, colony counter, deep freezers.
- Microscopy techniques: Wet mount, dry mount, smear, squash
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Description
Explore the fascinating history and development of microbiology and parasitology, from early Greek philosophers' inquiries into disease to the groundbreaking discoveries of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Louis Pasteur. This quiz highlights key figures and milestones that shaped the field, and examines how perceptions of microbes evolved over time.
