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Questions and Answers
What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to produce an image?
What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to produce an image?
Staining improves the visibility of living cells under bright field illumination.
Staining improves the visibility of living cells under bright field illumination.
False (B)
What are photographs taken using electron microscopy called?
What are photographs taken using electron microscopy called?
Electron micrographs
The maximum magnification level of an electron microscope can reach up to _____ times.
The maximum magnification level of an electron microscope can reach up to _____ times.
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Which type of electron microscope is used to view extremely thin sections of material?
Which type of electron microscope is used to view extremely thin sections of material?
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Match the following types of electron microscopes with their functions:
Match the following types of electron microscopes with their functions:
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Electrons have longer wavelengths than light particles.
Electrons have longer wavelengths than light particles.
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Why must specimens be prepared before viewing under an electron microscope?
Why must specimens be prepared before viewing under an electron microscope?
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What is the primary function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?
What is the primary function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?
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A capsule is a loosely attached glycocalyx layer.
A capsule is a loosely attached glycocalyx layer.
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Name the type of bacteria that has a thick cell wall and is illustrated as Bacillus megaterium.
Name the type of bacteria that has a thick cell wall and is illustrated as Bacillus megaterium.
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Bacteria that possess a single polar flagellum are referred to as __________.
Bacteria that possess a single polar flagellum are referred to as __________.
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Match the following bacterial structures with their functions:
Match the following bacterial structures with their functions:
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Which bacterium is associated with anthrax due to its encapsulated structure?
Which bacterium is associated with anthrax due to its encapsulated structure?
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Fimbriae are longer and thicker than flagella.
Fimbriae are longer and thicker than flagella.
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Describe the role of a glycocalyx in pathogenic bacteria.
Describe the role of a glycocalyx in pathogenic bacteria.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of biological molecules?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of biological molecules?
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The molecular formula provides information about the structure of a molecule.
The molecular formula provides information about the structure of a molecule.
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What type of biological molecules are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur?
What type of biological molecules are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur?
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The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6, while its structural formula can be represented in several forms including ______ and ______.
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6, while its structural formula can be represented in several forms including ______ and ______.
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Match the biological molecules with their primary components:
Match the biological molecules with their primary components:
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Which of the following models represents the structural formula of a molecule?
Which of the following models represents the structural formula of a molecule?
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Organic compounds always contain carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Organic compounds always contain carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
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Can you name any two elements commonly found in organic molecules?
Can you name any two elements commonly found in organic molecules?
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What is formed when sodium and chlorine atoms bond together?
What is formed when sodium and chlorine atoms bond together?
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Covalent bonds are created by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
Covalent bonds are created by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
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What type of bond is formed when an atom loses an electron?
What type of bond is formed when an atom loses an electron?
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An ion with a negative charge is called a ______.
An ion with a negative charge is called a ______.
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Match the terms with their corresponding definitions:
Match the terms with their corresponding definitions:
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Which type of bond is directional and involves the sharing of electron pairs?
Which type of bond is directional and involves the sharing of electron pairs?
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Ionic bonds result from the attraction between two atoms of the same charge.
Ionic bonds result from the attraction between two atoms of the same charge.
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What do you call a bond formed when two pairs of electrons are shared?
What do you call a bond formed when two pairs of electrons are shared?
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What is the main product of a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides?
What is the main product of a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides?
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Hydrolysis involves the consumption of water to break down macromolecules.
Hydrolysis involves the consumption of water to break down macromolecules.
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What type of bond is formed during the condensation of two monosaccharides?
What type of bond is formed during the condensation of two monosaccharides?
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Lipids are classified as __________, phospholipids, and related molecules.
Lipids are classified as __________, phospholipids, and related molecules.
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Match the type of lipid with its description:
Match the type of lipid with its description:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding lipids?
Which of the following statements is true regarding lipids?
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Glycerol and fatty acids are components of triglycerides.
Glycerol and fatty acids are components of triglycerides.
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The process that releases energy by splitting a disaccharide into two monosaccharides is known as __________.
The process that releases energy by splitting a disaccharide into two monosaccharides is known as __________.
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What is the primary composition of starch?
What is the primary composition of starch?
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Glycogen is less extensively branched than amylopectin.
Glycogen is less extensively branched than amylopectin.
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What type of bonds are primarily found in the structure of starch and glycogen?
What type of bonds are primarily found in the structure of starch and glycogen?
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Starch is an energy storage molecule in __________.
Starch is an energy storage molecule in __________.
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Match the following components with their descriptions:
Match the following components with their descriptions:
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Which statement accurately describes glycogen?
Which statement accurately describes glycogen?
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Starch can be easily hydrolyzed to release glucose when needed.
Starch can be easily hydrolyzed to release glucose when needed.
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The two types of glycosidic bonds in glycogen are 1-4 and 1-________ bonds.
The two types of glycosidic bonds in glycogen are 1-4 and 1-________ bonds.
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms
- Cells vary greatly in size and shape depending on their specific function
- Cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems
- Different kinds of cells have specialized structures that enable them to perform specific functions
- Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane
- The membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
- Cells contain a variety of organelles within the cytoplasm, each with specific structures
- Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
- Prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles
Organelle Structure and Function
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell, contains DNA, responsible for the cell's activities
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration and energy production
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins, found free in cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; Rough ER has ribosomes, Smooth ER does not
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to other locations
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion and recycling of cellular components
- Vacuoles: Fluid-filled sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste products, large in plant cells
Cell Membranes
- Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, etc.
- Function: Selectively permeable membrane, regulates material transfer, cell-cell recognition
- Fluid Mosaic Model: describes the fluidity of the membrane with molecules moving within the bilayer
Cell Transport
- Passive Transport mechanisms do not require energy
- Active Transport mechanisms require energy
- Diffusion (passive): movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient
- Osmosis (passive): diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
- Facilitated diffusion (passive): movement of molecules with the help of carrier proteins
- Active transport: movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, using energy (e.g., sodium-potassium pumps)
- Cytosis (active): large molecules are transported by vesicles into or out of the cell (e.g., endocytosis, exocytosis)
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
- Carbohydrates: organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a 1:2:1 ratio. They serve as an energy source and structural components.
- Lipids: organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are primarily hydrophobic (insoluble in water). They serve as a major energy source and as components of cell membranes. Types include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Proteins: large, complex organic molecules made up of amino acids. Proteins have diverse roles in the body, including as enzymes, structural components, transporters, and more.
Cell Size and Function
- Cell size is limited by the diffusion rate of molecules in and out of the cell.
- Specialized exchange surfaces increase surface area for organisms that are larger.
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic: membrane-bound organelles, multicellular, complex
- Prokaryotic: no membrane-bound organelles, unicellular, simple
Viruses
- Non-cellular infectious agents, composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid)
- Viruses need a host cell to reproduce
Protists
- Eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Includes single-celled organisms and some multicellular forms.
- Exhibit diverse forms and functions, including photosynthesis, predation, and decomposition
Important Biological Molecules
- Organic compounds contain carbon: crucial role in the structure and function of many biological molecules.
- Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon: still important in biological processes.
- The four main macromolecules are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Enzyme Function and Regulation
- Enzymes are biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed.
- Enzyme activity is influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
- Enzyme regulation helps control metabolic pathways in cells.
- Different types of inhibitors control enzyme activity in cells.
- The active site of enzymes interacts with specific substrate molecules; an enzyme-substrate complex forms and enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy.
- The structure of the enzyme determines its specificity and function.
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Description
Test your knowledge on electron microscopy and its applications in microbiology. This quiz covers types of microscopes, their functions, and bacterial structures. Challenge yourself with questions ranging from basic principles to specific bacterial characteristics.
