Microbiology and Disease Prevention
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Questions and Answers

What is the main benefit of chemotherapy?

  • Harming healthy cells
  • Destroying cancer cells (correct)
  • Stimulating the immune system
  • Reducing the risk of anemia
  • What is the primary function of antibiotics?

  • To neutralize disease-causing viruses or bacteria
  • To kill cancer cells
  • To kill viruses
  • To kill bacteria or stop them from reproducing (correct)
  • What is the primary goal of immunotherapy?

  • To stimulate the immune system to fight cancer (correct)
  • To kill healthy cells
  • To reduce the risk of infections
  • To promote the growth of stem cells
  • How do radiation therapy and chemotherapy differ in their approach to treating cancer?

    <p>Radiation therapy targets cancer cells through DNA damage, while chemotherapy uses toxic chemicals to kill cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of stem cells in the body?

    <p>To divide and mature into different types of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of being vaccinated against a disease?

    <p>It reduces the likelihood of becoming infected and transmitting the disease to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stem cell transplantation?

    <p>To replace damaged stem cells with healthy ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chemotherapy drugs?

    <p>To target and kill cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of immunotherapy compared to chemotherapy?

    <p>It results in fewer short-term side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique capable of gene and drug cargo delivery or transfection at the nanoscale?

    <p>Tissue Nano-transfection (TNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can chemotherapy be hard on the body?

    <p>Because chemotherapy drugs are too toxic and can harm healthy cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of successful chemotherapy?

    <p>To kill or damage cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies in the human body?

    <p>To fight off bacteria and viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of recombinant DNA products in healthcare?

    <p>Production of biological molecules for therapeutic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of molecular diagnostics in healthcare?

    <p>To treat or prevent diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of genetic diagnosis and monitoring in healthcare?

    <p>To identify and prevent disease transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of biotechnology in vaccine development?

    <p>To help reduce disease transmission through new vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of biotechnology in chemotherapy and drug therapy?

    <p>To develop biotech drugs and pharmaceutical products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vaccination

    • Vaccinated individuals generate antibodies that effectively neutralize viruses or bacteria, significantly reducing infection rates.
    • Vaccination also minimizes the likelihood of transmitting pathogens to others.

    Antibiotics and Antivirals

    • Antibiotics are potent medications that target bacterial infections by killing bacteria or inhibiting their reproduction.
    • The body's natural defenses then work to eliminate the remaining pathogens.

    Chemotherapy and Drug Therapy

    • Chemotherapy utilizes strong drugs or chemicals, often in combinations, to kill or damage cancer cells.
    • Anticancer agents are toxic enough to eliminate leukemic cells, but can also affect healthy cells.
    • Successful chemotherapy relies on cancer cells being more susceptible to the drugs than normal cells.

    Radiation Therapy

    • Also known as radiotherapy, this treatment is used for leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
    • Radiation therapy damages the DNA of cells, preventing their growth and reproduction.
    • While aimed at cancer cells, it can also affect surrounding healthy cells; however, advancements have reduced collateral damage.

    Immunotherapy

    • Immunotherapy, or biological therapy, harnesses the body's immune system to combat cancer, typically resulting in fewer short-term side effects than chemotherapy.
    • Various immunotherapies currently being studied or used for blood cancer include:
      • Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
      • Cytokine treatment
      • Donor lymphocyte infusion
      • Monoclonal antibody therapy
      • Radioimmunotherapy
      • Reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation
      • Therapeutic cancer vaccines

    Stem Cells

    • Blood stem cells, produced in the bone marrow, can differentiate into any blood cell type and constantly regenerate to replace older cells.
    • Insufficient production of blood cells can lead to serious health issues such as infections, anemia, or bleeding.
    • Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT), or bone marrow transplant, introduces healthy stem cells to replace damaged ones, and can also utilize umbilical cord blood.

    Tissue Nano-transfection (TNT)

    • TNT is an electroporation-based technique that enables gene and drug delivery at the nanoscale, facilitating targeted treatments.

    Biotechnology in Health

    • Red or healthcare biotechnology applies to medical and food science sectors, enhancing molecular diagnostics, vaccine development, and drug production.
    • Key applications include:
      • Gene therapy for modifying genetic material to treat diseases.
      • Producing pharmacological proteins using transgenic animals as bioreactors.

    Importance of Biotechnology

    • Developments in biotechnology focus on creating products that improve human health, including biotech drugs, diagnostic tools, and vaccines.
    • It plays a crucial role in reducing disease transmission and has applications in forensics through DNA profiling.

    Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Products

    • Antibodies, produced by white blood cells, help the immune system identify and combat foreign substances.
    • Proteins, composed of amino acids, are essential for the structure and function of body tissues and organs.
    • Recombinant DNA products involve genetically engineered DNA created by recombining DNA fragments from different organisms.

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    Learn about the ways to prevent and fight diseases, including the role of vaccination, antibiotics, and chemotherapy in preventing the spread of infections.

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