Podcast
Questions and Answers
In which of the following scenarios would lactic acid fermentation be the least likely primary metabolic process?
In which of the following scenarios would lactic acid fermentation be the least likely primary metabolic process?
- Yeast cells converting sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide. (correct)
- Production of yogurt from lactose by specific bacteria.
- Muscle cells during intense exercise when oxygen supply is limited.
- Animal cells under anaerobic conditions to produce energy.
Ethanol production by yeast ceases above a certain alcohol concentration primarily because:
Ethanol production by yeast ceases above a certain alcohol concentration primarily because:
- Ethanol becomes toxic to the yeast cells. (correct)
- The build-up of carbon dioxide inhibits further metabolic activity.
- The fermentation process shifts to lactic acid production.
- The yeast consumes all available sugars.
Which of the subsequent metabolic pathways is common for both aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation?
Which of the subsequent metabolic pathways is common for both aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation?
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Electron transport chain
- Krebs cycle
- Glycolysis (correct)
How does the symbiotic relationship in Mycorrhizae improve the fitness of both involved organisms?
How does the symbiotic relationship in Mycorrhizae improve the fitness of both involved organisms?
An increase in Death Rate (DR) of which organism would be best to remediate algal blooms in bodies of water?
An increase in Death Rate (DR) of which organism would be best to remediate algal blooms in bodies of water?
Why is lichen an indicator species for air quality?
Why is lichen an indicator species for air quality?
A scientist is investigating a new method of bioremediation for a site contaminated with heavy metals. Which approach would fall under the category of phytoremediation?
A scientist is investigating a new method of bioremediation for a site contaminated with heavy metals. Which approach would fall under the category of phytoremediation?
How do rhizobia bacteria contribute to increased soil fertility, and why is this important for agriculture?
How do rhizobia bacteria contribute to increased soil fertility, and why is this important for agriculture?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the carbon content relationship among different types of iron?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the carbon content relationship among different types of iron?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of greenhouse gases (GHGs)?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of greenhouse gases (GHGs)?
Which of the following is a consequence of a 'stable' atmosphere?
Which of the following is a consequence of a 'stable' atmosphere?
A parcel of air rises rapidly in the atmosphere. Which lapse rate would most likely be applicable?
A parcel of air rises rapidly in the atmosphere. Which lapse rate would most likely be applicable?
In the context of water quality, which parameter provides an indication of the oxygen requirements for the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms?
In the context of water quality, which parameter provides an indication of the oxygen requirements for the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms?
Which atmospheric condition is generally associated with temperature inversion?
Which atmospheric condition is generally associated with temperature inversion?
During steel production, which reaction primarily contributes to carbon emissions in a blast furnace?
During steel production, which reaction primarily contributes to carbon emissions in a blast furnace?
For a molecule to be classified as a greenhouse gas, what property must it possess?
For a molecule to be classified as a greenhouse gas, what property must it possess?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the zones in a biosphere reserve and the level of restriction?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the zones in a biosphere reserve and the level of restriction?
Which of the following is an example of a secondary pollutant?
Which of the following is an example of a secondary pollutant?
Which of the following conditions contributes significantly to the formation of photochemical smog?
Which of the following conditions contributes significantly to the formation of photochemical smog?
Sulfurous smog, often referred to as London smog, is primarily associated with which of the following pollutants?
Sulfurous smog, often referred to as London smog, is primarily associated with which of the following pollutants?
What distinguishes a 'qualitative pollutant' from a 'quantitative pollutant'?
What distinguishes a 'qualitative pollutant' from a 'quantitative pollutant'?
Which of the following plastics is known for its high transparency and is often used as a glass substitute, such as in acrylic sheets?
Which of the following plastics is known for its high transparency and is often used as a glass substitute, such as in acrylic sheets?
Which of the following combination of monomers are constituents of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)?
Which of the following combination of monomers are constituents of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)?
Which of the following plastics, known for their relatively high melting points, is also known as Teflon?
Which of the following plastics, known for their relatively high melting points, is also known as Teflon?
Which of the following feedstocks is primarily used in the production of olefins via steam cracking?
Which of the following feedstocks is primarily used in the production of olefins via steam cracking?
In the context of thermal power plants (TPPs), what characteristic distinguishes anthracite from other types of coal?
In the context of thermal power plants (TPPs), what characteristic distinguishes anthracite from other types of coal?
How does biomass co-firing in coal thermal plants contribute to emission reduction?
How does biomass co-firing in coal thermal plants contribute to emission reduction?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the effect of particulate matter (PM) size on human health?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the effect of particulate matter (PM) size on human health?
What is the role of the Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards in regulating pollutants?
What is the role of the Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards in regulating pollutants?
What is a primary environmental benefit of using syngas (synthesis gas) as a building block in the petrochemical industry, compared to directly using coal?
What is a primary environmental benefit of using syngas (synthesis gas) as a building block in the petrochemical industry, compared to directly using coal?
A coal thermal power plant is considering measures to reduce its PM₂.₅ emissions. Which of these strategies would directly address the problem at its source?
A coal thermal power plant is considering measures to reduce its PM₂.₅ emissions. Which of these strategies would directly address the problem at its source?
A city is experiencing high levels of air pollution primarily due to emissions from both thermal power plants and vehicles. Considering the information provided, which combined strategy would be most effective for tackling this multifaceted problem?
A city is experiencing high levels of air pollution primarily due to emissions from both thermal power plants and vehicles. Considering the information provided, which combined strategy would be most effective for tackling this multifaceted problem?
Which of the following scenarios would result in a lower K value in the equation TDS (mg/L) = K x EC (µS/cm) when determining total dissolved solids?
Which of the following scenarios would result in a lower K value in the equation TDS (mg/L) = K x EC (µS/cm) when determining total dissolved solids?
A water sample with high turbidity is analyzed using a nefelometer. If the measured turbidity is 6 NTU, how does this compare to drinking water standards?
A water sample with high turbidity is analyzed using a nefelometer. If the measured turbidity is 6 NTU, how does this compare to drinking water standards?
In the context of water quality analysis, which statement best describes the relationship between Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)?
In the context of water quality analysis, which statement best describes the relationship between Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)?
A researcher is analyzing a sample containing particles with an average diameter much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light. Which of the following scattering behaviors would the researcher most likely observe?
A researcher is analyzing a sample containing particles with an average diameter much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light. Which of the following scattering behaviors would the researcher most likely observe?
A wastewater treatment plant is evaluating different disinfection methods. Considering the biological aspects of water quality, which factor is most critical for effective disinfection against harmful microbes?
A wastewater treatment plant is evaluating different disinfection methods. Considering the biological aspects of water quality, which factor is most critical for effective disinfection against harmful microbes?
Which of the following particle size ranges corresponds to colloidal solids in water?
Which of the following particle size ranges corresponds to colloidal solids in water?
A laboratory technician uses a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure the color of a water sample. If the measured absorbance (A) is 0.301, what is the transmittance (T) of the sample?
A laboratory technician uses a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure the color of a water sample. If the measured absorbance (A) is 0.301, what is the transmittance (T) of the sample?
Which type of colloidal system is represented by fog?
Which type of colloidal system is represented by fog?
In the context of the Beer-Lambert Law, which of the following factors could lead to deviations from linearity?
In the context of the Beer-Lambert Law, which of the following factors could lead to deviations from linearity?
What does the molar absorption coefficient ($\epsilon$) in the Beer-Lambert Law (A = $\epsilon$cl) represent?
What does the molar absorption coefficient ($\epsilon$) in the Beer-Lambert Law (A = $\epsilon$cl) represent?
In the derivation of the Beer-Lambert Law, what does the term '$\sigma$' represent?
In the derivation of the Beer-Lambert Law, what does the term '$\sigma$' represent?
If the intensity of a light beam is reduced to 25% of its original intensity after passing through a sample, what is the absorbance (A)?
If the intensity of a light beam is reduced to 25% of its original intensity after passing through a sample, what is the absorbance (A)?
In Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), what property of the particles is directly measured to determine their size?
In Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), what property of the particles is directly measured to determine their size?
According to the Stokes-Einstein equation, how does an increase in dynamic viscosity ($\eta$) of the solvent affect the hydrodynamic diameter (D$_h$) of particles in a suspension, assuming other parameters remain constant?
According to the Stokes-Einstein equation, how does an increase in dynamic viscosity ($\eta$) of the solvent affect the hydrodynamic diameter (D$_h$) of particles in a suspension, assuming other parameters remain constant?
A researcher is using a microscope with an objective lens that has a numerical aperture (NA) of 1.4. If the light source has a wavelength ($\lambda$) of 532 nm, what is the theoretical resolution limit (d) of the microscope?
A researcher is using a microscope with an objective lens that has a numerical aperture (NA) of 1.4. If the light source has a wavelength ($\lambda$) of 532 nm, what is the theoretical resolution limit (d) of the microscope?
Which of the following changes would improve the resolution of a microscope?
Which of the following changes would improve the resolution of a microscope?
Which of the following statements accurately contrasts a Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) with a Biosphere Reserve (BSR) in India?
Which of the following statements accurately contrasts a Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) with a Biosphere Reserve (BSR) in India?
In a Biosphere Reserve, what distinguishes the 'core zone' from the 'buffer zone'?
In a Biosphere Reserve, what distinguishes the 'core zone' from the 'buffer zone'?
Which of the following is the most likely source of methane (CH₄) as a primary pollutant in a 'cutter logged region'?
Which of the following is the most likely source of methane (CH₄) as a primary pollutant in a 'cutter logged region'?
How does photochemical smog differ most significantly from sulfurous smog in terms of formation and primary pollutants?
How does photochemical smog differ most significantly from sulfurous smog in terms of formation and primary pollutants?
A factory begins releasing a newly synthesized chemical compound that is not naturally found in the environment. Even in minuscule amounts, this compound disrupts local ecosystems. How would this pollutant be classified?
A factory begins releasing a newly synthesized chemical compound that is not naturally found in the environment. Even in minuscule amounts, this compound disrupts local ecosystems. How would this pollutant be classified?
Considering their chemical structures, which of the following plastics would be most suitable for applications requiring high flexibility?
Considering their chemical structures, which of the following plastics would be most suitable for applications requiring high flexibility?
Which combination of properties makes Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) particularly useful as a shatter-resistant alternative to glass?
Which combination of properties makes Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) particularly useful as a shatter-resistant alternative to glass?
A manufacturer aims to produce a plastic material that is both rigid and resistant to high temperatures. Which of the following polymers would likely provide the properties best suited for this application?
A manufacturer aims to produce a plastic material that is both rigid and resistant to high temperatures. Which of the following polymers would likely provide the properties best suited for this application?
Flashcards
Fermentation
Fermentation
The process of converting glucose into lactic acid or ethanol and CO₂ in the absence of oxygen.
Lactic Acid
Lactic Acid
A byproduct of anaerobic fermentation; its formula is C₃H₆O₃.
Anaerobic vs Aerobic
Anaerobic vs Aerobic
Anaerobic processes occur without oxygen; aerobic processes require oxygen.
Ethanol
Ethanol
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Eutrophication
Eutrophication
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Symbiosis
Symbiosis
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Mycorrhiza
Mycorrhiza
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Bioremediation
Bioremediation
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Biosphere Reserve
Biosphere Reserve
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Core Zone
Core Zone
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Primary Pollutants
Primary Pollutants
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Secondary Pollutants
Secondary Pollutants
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Photochemical Smog
Photochemical Smog
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Sulfurous Smog
Sulfurous Smog
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Biodegradable Pollutants
Biodegradable Pollutants
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Non-biodegradable Pollutants
Non-biodegradable Pollutants
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Steel Emission
Steel Emission
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Composition of Steel
Composition of Steel
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Lapse Rate
Lapse Rate
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Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
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Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect
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Albedo Radiation
Albedo Radiation
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Major Greenhouse Gases
Major Greenhouse Gases
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Temperature Inversion
Temperature Inversion
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Microbes
Microbes
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Size classification of solids
Size classification of solids
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Colloidal solution
Colloidal solution
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Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
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Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
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Turbidity
Turbidity
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Absorbance Measurement
Absorbance Measurement
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Electrochemical method for TDS
Electrochemical method for TDS
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Beer’s Law
Beer’s Law
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Lambert’s Law
Lambert’s Law
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Beer-Lambert Law Derivation
Beer-Lambert Law Derivation
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Molar Absorption Coefficient (ε)
Molar Absorption Coefficient (ε)
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Limitations of Beer-Lambert Law
Limitations of Beer-Lambert Law
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Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
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Stokes-Einstein Equation
Stokes-Einstein Equation
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Resolution of a Microscope
Resolution of a Microscope
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Syngas
Syngas
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Olefins
Olefins
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Methane
Methane
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Particulate Matter (PM)
Particulate Matter (PM)
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SOx Emission
SOx Emission
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Bharat Stage Emission Standards
Bharat Stage Emission Standards
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Bio-mass Co-Firing
Bio-mass Co-Firing
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Fly Ash
Fly Ash
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Study Notes
Industrial Pollution & Control
- Pollutant: A compound, potentially harmful, with factors like chemistry and environment in play.
- Environment: Combination of biotic and abiotic factors.
- Ecosystem: Interplay of biotic and abiotic factors.
- Ecosystem Types: Aquatic and terrestrial, encompassing all life on Earth.
- Ecosystem Energy: Unidirectional energy transfer (e.g., food chains/pyramids).
- Pollution Effects: Impacts and accumulation in food chains (e.g., biomagnification). Examples include mercury (Hg) and diclofenac.
- Bioaccumulation: Toxin buildup in an organism.
- Biomagnification: Toxin concentration increase at higher trophic levels.
Terminologies
- Environment: Physical surroundings of an organism.
- Ecosystem: Interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors in a natural area.
- Habitat: Natural environment where an organism exists.
- Biome: Geographical area with specific climate and distinct ecosystems (e.g., aquatic, forest, grassland, desert, tundra). Biomes can contain numerous ecosystems.
- Niche: An organism's role or functional space within its ecosystem.
Bacteria
- Characteristics: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms.
- Shapes: Spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), curved (vibrio), spiral (spirilla/spirochetes).
- Classification (Based on Staining): Gram-positive (thick cell wall) and Gram-negative (thin cell wall).
- Classification (Based on Environment): Aerobic (require oxygen), anaerobic (no oxygen), facultative (can survive with or without oxygen).
- Nomenclature: Genus and species in italics (e.g., Escherichia coli).
Respiratory Mechanisms
- Aerobic Respiration: 3-step glycolysis, Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain to produce ATP (energy).
- Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation): Produces lactic acid (animal cells) or ethanol (yeast) instead of oxygen.
Applications of Fermentation Waste
- Waste Products: Alcohol and CO2 are waste products for yeast but not for humans.
- Honey Wine: Early use of fermentation (1700-1100).
- Beer, Wine, Whiskey: Using grains/grapes and yeast.
- Biofuels: Ethanol, biofuel.
Symbiotic Relationships
- Lichens: Symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria.
- Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, improving nutrient absorption.
- Rhizobium: Grem, negative bacteria that benefit legumes.
Bioremediation
- Process: Utilizing microorganisms to remove pollutants.
- Types: Phyto (plants), bacteria, fungi, algae.
Biodiversity
- Diversity Types: Genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
- Terrestrial vs. Aquatic: Aquatic biomes are generally more diverse (phyla) than terrestrial ones.
- Ecosystem Diversity: Coral reefs are the most diverse among coral reefs, tropical forests, grasslands, and tundras.
- Ecosystem Level: Comparison by phylum or species.
- Genetic Level: Comparison by genetically unique species.
Biodiversity Hotspots
- Features: Rich biodiversity and existence of endemic species.
- Benefits: Food & energy security, disease control, nutrient recycling, mitigating natural disasters, and preventing soil/air/water pollution.
Risk Factors
- Human Activity: Habitat destruction, pollution, and introduction of alien species.
- Environmental Factors: Natural disasters and ecosystem breakdown.
Pollution, Air and Water
- Pollutants: Gases (e.g., NOx, SOx, CH4) and particulate matter (e.g., smog).
- Smog: Smoke, fog, pollutants that cause reduced visibility, plant damage, and respiratory issues.
- Types of Smog: Photochemical (Nox + VOC + UV) and Sulfurous (SOx).
- Common pollutants: Nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, vehicular emissions, and industrial activities.
Types of Plastics
- Examples: Polythene terephthalate (PET), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), PVC, Polyvinyl chloride, Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
Petrochemicals
- Feedstock: Natural sources like methane from coal or natural gas.
- Manufacturing: Production of chemicals involving synthesis of natural gases or crude oil.
- Products: Include fuels (natural gas, coal, oil) and petrochemicals (olefins, aromatic compounds).
- Examples: Plastics, solvents, and synthetic fibers.
Industries
- Cement: Production from limestone, clay, and other materials.
- Textiles: Involve dyeing processes, with synthetic and natural dyes.
- Leather: Tanning processes and industrial wastewater from production.
- Pulp and Paper: From wood fibers, using techniques like sulphate or soda process.
Water Quality
- Parameters: Turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
- Measurement: Monitoring processes like Winkler method.
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Description
A quiz focusing on microbial metabolism, including fermentation and respiration. Questions cover topics such as symbiotic relationships, bioremediation strategies like phytoremediation, and the role of organisms like rhizobia and lichen in environmental health. Also includes questions about remediation of algal blooms and carbon content in iron.