Microbial Processes and Bioremediation
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Questions and Answers

In which of the following scenarios would lactic acid fermentation be the least likely primary metabolic process?

  • Yeast cells converting sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide. (correct)
  • Production of yogurt from lactose by specific bacteria.
  • Muscle cells during intense exercise when oxygen supply is limited.
  • Animal cells under anaerobic conditions to produce energy.

Ethanol production by yeast ceases above a certain alcohol concentration primarily because:

  • Ethanol becomes toxic to the yeast cells. (correct)
  • The build-up of carbon dioxide inhibits further metabolic activity.
  • The fermentation process shifts to lactic acid production.
  • The yeast consumes all available sugars.

Which of the subsequent metabolic pathways is common for both aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation?

  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Electron transport chain
  • Krebs cycle
  • Glycolysis (correct)

How does the symbiotic relationship in Mycorrhizae improve the fitness of both involved organisms?

<p>The fungus provides the plant with water and nutrients, and the plant provides the fungus with sugars. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An increase in Death Rate (DR) of which organism would be best to remediate algal blooms in bodies of water?

<p>Algae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is lichen an indicator species for air quality?

<p>Lichen is highly sensitive to sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and cannot survive or grow in its presence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientist is investigating a new method of bioremediation for a site contaminated with heavy metals. Which approach would fall under the category of phytoremediation?

<p>Using plants to absorb and accumulate the heavy metals from the soil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rhizobia bacteria contribute to increased soil fertility, and why is this important for agriculture?

<p>By converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the carbon content relationship among different types of iron?

<p>Cast iron has a higher carbon content than steel, which in turn is higher than wrought iron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of greenhouse gases (GHGs)?

<p>They absorb infrared radiation emitted from the Earth's surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of a 'stable' atmosphere?

<p>Calm and predictable weather patterns with minimal vertical convection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A parcel of air rises rapidly in the atmosphere. Which lapse rate would most likely be applicable?

<p>Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of water quality, which parameter provides an indication of the oxygen requirements for the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms?

<p>COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which atmospheric condition is generally associated with temperature inversion?

<p>Foggy weather with stagnant air. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During steel production, which reaction primarily contributes to carbon emissions in a blast furnace?

<p>$Fe_2O_3 + 3CO \rightarrow 2Fe + 3CO_2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a molecule to be classified as a greenhouse gas, what property must it possess?

<p>It must absorb infrared radiation through dipoles/transient dipoles/dipole vibration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the zones in a biosphere reserve and the level of restriction?

<p>Restrictions increase as you move towards the core zone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a secondary pollutant?

<p>Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in photochemical smog (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions contributes significantly to the formation of photochemical smog?

<p>High levels of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and strong sunlight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sulfurous smog, often referred to as London smog, is primarily associated with which of the following pollutants?

<p>High concentrations of sulfur oxides (SOx). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 'qualitative pollutant' from a 'quantitative pollutant'?

<p>Qualitative pollutants are introduced by humans and not naturally found, while quantitative pollutants increase the concentration of existing substances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plastics is known for its high transparency and is often used as a glass substitute, such as in acrylic sheets?

<p>Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combination of monomers are constituents of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)?

<p>Acrylonitrile, 1-3 Butadiene and Styrene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plastics, known for their relatively high melting points, is also known as Teflon?

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Which of the following feedstocks is primarily used in the production of olefins via steam cracking?

<p>Naphtha (C₅-C₉) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of thermal power plants (TPPs), what characteristic distinguishes anthracite from other types of coal?

<p>High carbon content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does biomass co-firing in coal thermal plants contribute to emission reduction?

<p>By decreasing overall sulphur content and reducing CO₂ emissions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the effect of particulate matter (PM) size on human health?

<p>Smaller PM sizes (e.g., PM₂.₅ and below) are generally more hazardous to human health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards in regulating pollutants?

<p>To regulate SOx emissions from the automobile sector (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary environmental benefit of using syngas (synthesis gas) as a building block in the petrochemical industry, compared to directly using coal?

<p>Syngas enables a more controlled and potentially cleaner process for producing chemicals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A coal thermal power plant is considering measures to reduce its PM₂.₅ emissions. Which of these strategies would directly address the problem at its source?

<p>Installing advanced electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and bag filters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A city is experiencing high levels of air pollution primarily due to emissions from both thermal power plants and vehicles. Considering the information provided, which combined strategy would be most effective for tackling this multifaceted problem?

<p>Enforcing stricter Bharat Stage emission standards for vehicles and implementing biomass co-firing in thermal power plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would result in a lower K value in the equation TDS (mg/L) = K x EC (µS/cm) when determining total dissolved solids?

<p>Using the equation on a sample of pure, deionized water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A water sample with high turbidity is analyzed using a nefelometer. If the measured turbidity is 6 NTU, how does this compare to drinking water standards?

<p>The turbidity exceeds both the desired and safe limits for drinking water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of water quality analysis, which statement best describes the relationship between Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)?

<p>TS is the sum of TSS and TDS, where TSS includes particles retained by a 1µm filter and TDS includes particles passing through the filter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is analyzing a sample containing particles with an average diameter much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light. Which of the following scattering behaviors would the researcher most likely observe?

<p>Predominantly forward scattering, indicating low TSS. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A wastewater treatment plant is evaluating different disinfection methods. Considering the biological aspects of water quality, which factor is most critical for effective disinfection against harmful microbes?

<p>The presence of suspended solids that shield microbes from the disinfectant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following particle size ranges corresponds to colloidal solids in water?

<p>Between 0.001 µm and 1 µm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A laboratory technician uses a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure the color of a water sample. If the measured absorbance (A) is 0.301, what is the transmittance (T) of the sample?

<p>0.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of colloidal system is represented by fog?

<p>Liquid in gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Beer-Lambert Law, which of the following factors could lead to deviations from linearity?

<p>Fluorescence or phosphorescence emitted by the sample. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the molar absorption coefficient ($\epsilon$) in the Beer-Lambert Law (A = $\epsilon$cl) represent?

<p>The measure of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a given wavelength. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the derivation of the Beer-Lambert Law, what does the term '$\sigma$' represent?

<p>The effective capture area of a single absorbing molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the intensity of a light beam is reduced to 25% of its original intensity after passing through a sample, what is the absorbance (A)?

<p>0.602 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), what property of the particles is directly measured to determine their size?

<p>The intensity fluctuations in the scattered light. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Stokes-Einstein equation, how does an increase in dynamic viscosity ($\eta$) of the solvent affect the hydrodynamic diameter (D$_h$) of particles in a suspension, assuming other parameters remain constant?

<p>D$_h$ decreases linearly with $\eta$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is using a microscope with an objective lens that has a numerical aperture (NA) of 1.4. If the light source has a wavelength ($\lambda$) of 532 nm, what is the theoretical resolution limit (d) of the microscope?

<p>190 nm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes would improve the resolution of a microscope?

<p>Increasing the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the sample. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately contrasts a Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) with a Biosphere Reserve (BSR) in India?

<p>WLS offer relatively less restricted access compared to the core zones of BSR, which have the highest restrictions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Biosphere Reserve, what distinguishes the 'core zone' from the 'buffer zone'?

<p>The core zone is highly protected with minimal human interference, while the buffer zone allows for regulated activities like research and education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most likely source of methane (CH₄) as a primary pollutant in a 'cutter logged region'?

<p>Decomposition of logged wood and other organic matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does photochemical smog differ most significantly from sulfurous smog in terms of formation and primary pollutants?

<p>Photochemical smog requires sunlight to form ozone and other oxidants, while sulfurous smog is associated with the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A factory begins releasing a newly synthesized chemical compound that is not naturally found in the environment. Even in minuscule amounts, this compound disrupts local ecosystems. How would this pollutant be classified?

<p>Qualitative pollutant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering their chemical structures, which of the following plastics would be most suitable for applications requiring high flexibility?

<p>LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of properties makes Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) particularly useful as a shatter-resistant alternative to glass?

<p>High transparency and impact resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A manufacturer aims to produce a plastic material that is both rigid and resistant to high temperatures. Which of the following polymers would likely provide the properties best suited for this application?

<p>PTFE (Teflon) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fermentation

The process of converting glucose into lactic acid or ethanol and CO₂ in the absence of oxygen.

Lactic Acid

A byproduct of anaerobic fermentation; its formula is C₃H₆O₃.

Anaerobic vs Aerobic

Anaerobic processes occur without oxygen; aerobic processes require oxygen.

Ethanol

Alcohol produced by yeast during fermentation; used in drinks and biofuel.

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Eutrophication

The process where nutrient enrichment leads to excessive algae growth in water bodies.

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Symbiosis

A mutually beneficial relationship between different organisms, like algae and fungi in lichen.

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Mycorrhiza

A symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots that enhances nutrient absorption.

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Bioremediation

Use of microorganisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from the environment.

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Biosphere Reserve

A protected area consisting of core zones, buffer zones, and transition zones.

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Core Zone

The innermost area of a biosphere reserve where no human activity is allowed.

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Primary Pollutants

Pollutants that are directly emitted into the atmosphere from sources like vehicles and industries.

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Secondary Pollutants

Pollutants that form in the atmosphere from chemical reactions between primary pollutants.

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Photochemical Smog

Air pollution formed from NOx and VOCs in sunlight, resulting in ground-level ozone.

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Sulfurous Smog

Air pollution caused by SOx, appearing grey and often linked to coal burning.

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Biodegradable Pollutants

Substances that can easily decompose by natural processes.

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Non-biodegradable Pollutants

Substances that do not decompose naturally and persist in the environment.

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Steel Emission

Steel and cement industries are major CO₂ emitters.

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Composition of Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

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Lapse Rate

Rate of temperature change with height, denoted as dT/dz.

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Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate

Rate of temperature decrease in dry air, approximately 9.8 °C/km.

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Greenhouse Effect

Process where Earth's surface absorbs solar radiation and re-emits infrared radiation.

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Albedo Radiation

Solar radiation reflected back by the Earth’s surface.

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Major Greenhouse Gases

Gases that absorb infrared radiation: CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, etc.

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Temperature Inversion

Occurs when temperature increases with height, usually in foggy weather.

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Microbes

Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites; essential for nitrification.

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Size classification of solids

Categories: Suspended (>1µm), Colloidal (1µm - 1nm), Dissolved (<1µm).

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Colloidal solution

Contains a small amount of dispersed phase and a large amount of medium.

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Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

Mass of suspended particles in water, measured in mg/L; desirable limit is zero.

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Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

Mass of dissolved particles in water; desirable limit below 300 mg/L (WHO).

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Turbidity

Measure of cloudiness in water; related to TSS; measured in NTU.

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Absorbance Measurement

Absorbance (A) relates to transmittance and incident intensities in UV-Vis spectrophotometry.

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Electrochemical method for TDS

TDS calculated from electrical conductivity using TDS (mg/L) = K x EC (µS/cm).

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Beer’s Law

Absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of absorbing species in a solution.

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Lambert’s Law

Absorbance is directly proportional to the path length of light in a sample.

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Beer-Lambert Law Derivation

Combines Beer’s and Lambert’s laws into A = εcl (Absorbance equals molar absorptivity times concentration times path length).

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Molar Absorption Coefficient (ε)

A constant that relates absorbance to concentration and path length.

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Limitations of Beer-Lambert Law

Linearity breaks down at high concentrations and due to certain interactions.

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Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)

Technique measuring Brownian motion to determine particle size.

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Stokes-Einstein Equation

Relates hydrodynamic diameter and diffusion to temperature and viscosity.

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Resolution of a Microscope

Resolution limit defined by d = λ/[2n sin(β)].

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Syngas

A mixture of CO and H₂ used in petrochemical production.

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Olefins

Hydrocarbons like Ethylene and Propylene formed by cracking.

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Methane

The simplest alkane, a major feedstock in petrochemicals.

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Particulate Matter (PM)

Tiny particles in the air impacting health, measured by size.

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SOx Emission

Emissions from power plants primarily containing sulfur oxides.

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Bharat Stage Emission Standards

Regulations to control air pollutants from vehicles in India.

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Bio-mass Co-Firing

Using biomass in coal plants to reduce emissions.

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Fly Ash

Fine particles from burnt coal, hazardous to health.

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Study Notes

Industrial Pollution & Control

  • Pollutant: A compound, potentially harmful, with factors like chemistry and environment in play.
  • Environment: Combination of biotic and abiotic factors.
  • Ecosystem: Interplay of biotic and abiotic factors.
  • Ecosystem Types: Aquatic and terrestrial, encompassing all life on Earth.
  • Ecosystem Energy: Unidirectional energy transfer (e.g., food chains/pyramids).
  • Pollution Effects: Impacts and accumulation in food chains (e.g., biomagnification). Examples include mercury (Hg) and diclofenac.
  • Bioaccumulation: Toxin buildup in an organism.
  • Biomagnification: Toxin concentration increase at higher trophic levels.

Terminologies

  • Environment: Physical surroundings of an organism.
  • Ecosystem: Interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors in a natural area.
  • Habitat: Natural environment where an organism exists.
  • Biome: Geographical area with specific climate and distinct ecosystems (e.g., aquatic, forest, grassland, desert, tundra). Biomes can contain numerous ecosystems.
  • Niche: An organism's role or functional space within its ecosystem.

Bacteria

  • Characteristics: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms.
  • Shapes: Spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), curved (vibrio), spiral (spirilla/spirochetes).
  • Classification (Based on Staining): Gram-positive (thick cell wall) and Gram-negative (thin cell wall).
  • Classification (Based on Environment): Aerobic (require oxygen), anaerobic (no oxygen), facultative (can survive with or without oxygen).
  • Nomenclature: Genus and species in italics (e.g., Escherichia coli).

Respiratory Mechanisms

  • Aerobic Respiration: 3-step glycolysis, Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain to produce ATP (energy).
  • Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation): Produces lactic acid (animal cells) or ethanol (yeast) instead of oxygen.

Applications of Fermentation Waste

  • Waste Products: Alcohol and CO2 are waste products for yeast but not for humans.
  • Honey Wine: Early use of fermentation (1700-1100).
  • Beer, Wine, Whiskey: Using grains/grapes and yeast.
  • Biofuels: Ethanol, biofuel.

Symbiotic Relationships

  • Lichens: Symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria.
  • Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, improving nutrient absorption.
  • Rhizobium: Grem, negative bacteria that benefit legumes.

Bioremediation

  • Process: Utilizing microorganisms to remove pollutants.
  • Types: Phyto (plants), bacteria, fungi, algae.

Biodiversity

  • Diversity Types: Genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
  • Terrestrial vs. Aquatic: Aquatic biomes are generally more diverse (phyla) than terrestrial ones.
  • Ecosystem Diversity: Coral reefs are the most diverse among coral reefs, tropical forests, grasslands, and tundras.
  • Ecosystem Level: Comparison by phylum or species.
  • Genetic Level: Comparison by genetically unique species.

Biodiversity Hotspots

  • Features: Rich biodiversity and existence of endemic species.
  • Benefits: Food & energy security, disease control, nutrient recycling, mitigating natural disasters, and preventing soil/air/water pollution.

Risk Factors

  • Human Activity: Habitat destruction, pollution, and introduction of alien species.
  • Environmental Factors: Natural disasters and ecosystem breakdown.

Pollution, Air and Water

  • Pollutants: Gases (e.g., NOx, SOx, CH4) and particulate matter (e.g., smog).
  • Smog: Smoke, fog, pollutants that cause reduced visibility, plant damage, and respiratory issues.
  • Types of Smog: Photochemical (Nox + VOC + UV) and Sulfurous (SOx).
  • Common pollutants: Nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, vehicular emissions, and industrial activities.

Types of Plastics

  • Examples: Polythene terephthalate (PET), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), PVC, Polyvinyl chloride, Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).

Petrochemicals

  • Feedstock: Natural sources like methane from coal or natural gas.
  • Manufacturing: Production of chemicals involving synthesis of natural gases or crude oil.
  • Products: Include fuels (natural gas, coal, oil) and petrochemicals (olefins, aromatic compounds).
  • Examples: Plastics, solvents, and synthetic fibers.

Industries

  • Cement: Production from limestone, clay, and other materials.
  • Textiles: Involve dyeing processes, with synthetic and natural dyes.
  • Leather: Tanning processes and industrial wastewater from production.
  • Pulp and Paper: From wood fibers, using techniques like sulphate or soda process.

Water Quality

  • Parameters: Turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
  • Measurement: Monitoring processes like Winkler method.

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Description

A quiz focusing on microbial metabolism, including fermentation and respiration. Questions cover topics such as symbiotic relationships, bioremediation strategies like phytoremediation, and the role of organisms like rhizobia and lichen in environmental health. Also includes questions about remediation of algal blooms and carbon content in iron.

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