Microbial Physiology - Lec 1
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Questions and Answers

What is microbial physiology?

It is the study of structure-function relationships in microorganisms, especially how microbes respond to their environment.

Why is the habitat important for microorganisms?

Microorganisms are greatly affected by where they live.

Microbial habitats provide nutrients and protect cells from harsh conditions.

True

What information does microbial physiology and metabolism provide?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three roles microorganisms play in the environment?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microorganisms can be considered tiny factories that produce a variety of enzymes and metabolites of industrial importance.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the production of enzymes and metabolites in microorganisms?

<p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between primary and secondary metabolites?

<p>Primary metabolites are essential for the growth of the organism, while secondary metabolites are not essential for growth but may be important for human health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of secondary metabolites?

<p>Anti-tumor agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microorganisms degrade different carbon sources both aerobically and anaerobically

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diverse metabolic activity of microorganisms is seen in other groups of living organisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The curriculum of the course is designed to reflect recent developments in microbial physiology.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The course will be beneficial to those who want to learn more about the physiology of microorganisms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell are bacteria?

<p>Unicellular prokaryotic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial DNA is found in the nucleus and packaged to form chromatin.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of a bacteria cell?

<p>1µm (10^-6 m)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides structural integrity to a bacteria cell?

<p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the bacterial cell wall?

<p>Peptidoglycan or murein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria cells may contain external appendages such as cilia, flagella, pili, etc.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different bacteria shapes?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the other term used for spherical bacteria?

<p>Cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are arrangements of cocci?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monococcus?

<p>A single spherical cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are Gram-negative?

<p>Moraxella catarrhalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a streptococcus?

<p>Cocci joined in a plane and arranged in a chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Streptococci are non-motile, aerobic, and Gram-positive bacteria.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of streptococci?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tetrad?

<p>A group of 4 cells arranged in two different planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of tetrads cocci bacteria?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sarcinae?

<p>Anaerobic gram-positive bacteria that occur as a group of 8 cells, found in the family Clostridiaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of sarcinae?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bacillus?

<p>Single unattached cell that looks like a rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a diplobacilli?

<p>Two rods attached to each other and found in pairs after cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of diplobacilli?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Streptobacilli contain Gram-negative, aerobic, or facultative anaerobic bacteria.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are bacilli arranged in palisades?

<p>Bacilli after cell division bend and are arranged in a palisade, fence-like structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of palisade arrangement?

<p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spiral bacteria are spiral or helical in shape

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of spiral bacteria?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of Spirilla?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Spirochete?

<p>Spiral, thin, and flexible bacteria that have internal periplasmic flagella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spirochetes are pathogenic species that cause various serious diseases

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of Spirochetes?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vibrio are facultative anaerobes and have two chromosomes which replicate independently.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of Vibrio?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbial Physiology - Lec 1

  • Microbial physiology focuses on the relationship between structure and function in microorganisms, particularly how microbes respond to their environment.
  • Microbial habitats, including soil, rivers, lakes, oceans, living/dead organisms, and human-made structures, provide nutrients and protect microbes from harsh conditions.
  • Microbial physiology provides insights into energy sources and their utilization by microorganisms.
  • Microbes play vital roles in the environment as producers, consumers, and decomposers. They are also important in industry, medicine, and agriculture.
  • Microorganisms act like miniature factories producing enzymes and metabolites vital to various industries. Gene regulation and environmental factors influence the production of these metabolites.
  • Primary metabolites (like amino acids and nucleotides) are essential for microbial growth, while secondary metabolites (antibiotics, antitumor agents, etc.) are not essential for growth but impactful for human health.

Bacterial Structure

  • Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic cells, differing in shape, size, and arrangement.
  • Bacterial DNA is in the cytoplasm, not enclosed within a nucleus as in eukaryotic cells.
  • Bacteria are significantly smaller than human cells (approx. 1µm in diameter).
  • The cell wall, composed of peptidoglycan or murein, provides structural integrity to the bacteria.
  • Bacteria may have external appendages like cilia and flagella.

Bacterial Shape

  • Spherical (cocci):
    • Coccus (single sphere)
    • Diplococci (pairs)
    • Streptococci (chains)
    • Sarcinae (cubes of 8)
    • Tetrads (groups of 4)
    • Staphylococci (clusters)
  • Rod-shaped (bacilli):
    • Bacillus (single rod)
    • Diplobacilli (pairs)
    • Streptobacilli (chains)
    • Palisades (rods arranged side-by-side)
    • Coccobacilli (short rods)
  • Spiral/Helical:
    • Spirillum (rigid spiral)
    • Spirochete (flexible spiral)
  • Comma-shaped (vibrio): Curved, like a comma.

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria

  • Gram-positive:
    • Lack an outer membrane
    • Have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
    • Often spherical or rod-shaped
    • Produce toxins (e.g., emetic, diarrheal) causing disease
  • Gram-negative:
    • Have an outer membrane and a thin peptidoglycan layer
    • Often spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral-shaped
    • Can release endotoxins if cell wall is disrupted
  • Differences in cell wall structures affect staining/classification and pathogenesis.

Other Bacterial Arrangements

  • Tetrads: Four bacteria arranged in a cluster
  • Staphylococci: Clusters of bacteria
  • Sarcinae: Eight bacteria arranged in a three-dimensional cube structure.

Additional points

  • Microbes degrade various carbon sources aerobically and anaerobically yielding commercially valuable metabolites.
  • The course syllabus is designed to reflect recent advancements in microbial physiology.

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Physiology of Microorganisms Lecture 1 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the basics of microbial physiology, focusing on the relationship between the structure and function of microorganisms. It explores microbial habitats, energy sources, and the vital roles microbes play in various environments and industries. Key concepts include primary and secondary metabolites, gene regulation, and microbial responses to environmental factors.

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