Microbial Pesticides and Vanilla Production

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Questions and Answers

What natural disasters occurred in the islands following the disappointment?

  • Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes (correct)
  • Droughts and wildfires
  • Tornadoes and hurricanes
  • Floods and landslides

What was the sequence of events following the disappointment?

  • Floods, volcanic eruptions, tsunami
  • Tsunami, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions
  • Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, drought
  • Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami (correct)

What impact did the volcanic eruptions have on supply?

  • They had no impact on supply
  • They further disrupted supply (correct)
  • They made supply more stable
  • They improved supply chains

Which of the following events is associated with volcanic eruptions according to the content?

<p>Occurrence of earthquakes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct consequence of the volcanic eruptions mentioned?

<p>Tsunamis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of microbial pesticides?

<p>Microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of microbial pesticides?

<p>Each active ingredient is specific for certain target pests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism examples are included in microbial pesticides?

<p>Bacteria, fungi, and viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false regarding microbial pesticides?

<p>They can control a wide range of pests with a single ingredient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The specificity of microbial pesticides means they are typically effective against:

<p>Only one or a few related pest species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Batch culture is commonly used in fermentation processes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Penicillin is effective against all types of bacteria equally.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Downstream processing involves the recovery and purification of biological products.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram-negative bacteria are particularly vulnerable to penicillin's mechanism of action.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Penicillin functions by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in bacteria.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately 250 million liters of petroleum enter the marine environment every year from human activities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural leaking contributes to pollution in the marine environment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human activities are the primary cause of the 250 million liters of petroleum entering the ocean.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The annual petroleum leakage into the marine environment is measured in liters.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is no significant contribution of natural sources to marine pollution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Microbial Pesticides

  • Microbial pesticides utilize microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa as active ingredients.
  • They are effective against a variety of pests, but each active ingredient is usually specific for its target pest(s).

Vanilla Production

  • Vanilla flowers have a greenish-yellow color and a diameter of 5 cm (2 inches).
  • If pollination doesn't occur within a day, the flowers will fall off.
  • In natural environments, pollination has less than a 1% success rate, so farmers must hand-pollinate vanilla flowers for consistent fruit production.
  • Direct extraction of vanillin from vanilla beans is expensive and limited, making it a desirable target for biotechnological flavor production.
  • Microbial degradation of substrates like ferulic acid, phenolic stilbenes, lignin, eugenol, and isoeugenol can produce vanillin as an intermediate compound.

Natural Petroleum Leakage

  • Approximately 250 million liters of petroleum enter the marine environment annually due to natural leakage.

Bt Toxins

  • Different types of Bt create toxins that are specifically activated by target insect larvae.
  • Bt strains are present in over 180 registered pesticide products.
  • Some Bt-based products are approved for use in organic agriculture.
  • Certain crops, including corn, cotton, and soybeans, have been genetically modified to produce Bt toxin. These are known as plant-incorporated protectants.
  • Bt entering the human body is not fully explained in the text, but its safety is implied by its use in food crops and organic agriculture.

Antibiotics

  • There is ongoing research for new antibiotics.
  • Antibiotics are widely prescribed and constitute a significant portion of the pharmaceutical market.
  • The process of developing and commercializing a new antibiotic can take up to 15 years.

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