Microbial Control Terminology
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Questions and Answers

What is the process of removing and destroying all microbial life called?

  • Sanitization
  • Antisepsis
  • Sterilization (correct)
  • Disinfection

Which term describes the destruction of harmful microorganisms on inanimate objects?

  • Degerming
  • Sterilization
  • Antisepsis
  • Disinfection (correct)

What does the term 'asepsis' refer to?

  • The destruction of all microbes
  • The inhibition of microbial growth
  • Bacterial contamination
  • The absence of significant contamination (correct)

Which process involves the mechanical removal of microbes from a limited area, like the skin before an injection?

<p>Degerming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of sanitization?

<p>To lower microbial counts to safe levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for treatments that inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria?

<p>Bacteriostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Commercial sterilization aims to eliminate which specific microorganism from canned goods?

<p>C. botulinum endospores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of heat in microbial control?

<p>Denaturing enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Thermal Death Point' (TDP) refer to?

<p>Lowest temperature to kill all cells in 10 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an autoclave?

<p>To use heat and pressure to sterilize (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature and pressure are typically used in an autoclave for sterilization?

<p>121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Test strips are used on autoclaves to indicate what?

<p>Sterility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pasteurization is intended to achieve what?

<p>Reduction of spoilage and pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dry heat sterilization primarily kill microorganisms?

<p>By oxidation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

HEPA filters are designed to remove particles larger than what size?

<p>0.3 µm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Membrane filters are commonly used to remove what from heat-sensitive liquids?

<p>Microbes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tincture of iodine?

<p>A solution of iodine in aqueous alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorine works as a disinfectant by which mechanism?

<p>Acting as an oxidizing agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Nisin and Natamycin?

<p>Preserve cheese (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of aldehydes as disinfectants?

<p>Inactivating proteins by cross-linking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethylene oxide is used for:

<p>Heat-sensitive material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does low temperature have on bacteria?

<p>Bacteriostatic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does high pressure employ to kill vegetative bacteria?

<p>Denaturing proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which desiccation controls microbial growth?

<p>Preventing metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does osmotic pressure control microbial growth?

<p>Creates a hypertonic environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of ionizing radiation on microorganisms?

<p>Damages DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation is used in 'cold pasteurization' of food?

<p>Ionizing radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific damage does nonionizing radiation cause to DNA?

<p>Creates thymine dimers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do microwaves typically kill microorganisms?

<p>By generating heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for the effectiveness of a disinfectant?

<p>Concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the disk-diffusion method evaluate?

<p>Effectiveness of chemical agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phenol and phenolics primarily target what component of a microbial cell?

<p>The plasma membrane lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hexachlorophene and triclosan?

<p>Antiseptics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorhexidine, a biguanide, is commonly used for what purpose?

<p>Surgical hand scrubs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for alcohols as disinfectants?

<p>Denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effective concentration range for alcohol solutions used as disinfectants?

<p>60-80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the antimicrobial activity of very small amounts of heavy metals?

<p>Oligodynamic action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Silver nitrate is used to prevent what condition in newborns?

<p>Ophthalmia neonatorum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) exert their disinfectant action?

<p>By denaturing proteins and disrupting plasma membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding sulfur dioxide to wine?

<p>To prevent spoilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrates and nitrites added to food are intended to prevent:

<p>Endospore germination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'sepsis'?

<p>Bacterial contamination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a treatment that lowers microbial counts on eating utensils to safe public health levels?

<p>Sanitization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'bacteriostasis'?

<p>Inhibiting, not killing, microbes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key target in a microbes that control agents try to damage?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'sterilant'?

<p>An agent used to sterilize materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significantly influences the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is antisepsis?

<p>Destroying harmful microorganisms from living tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of iodine as a disinfectant?

<p>It impairs protein synthesis and alters membranes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the active ingredient in bleach that acts as a disinfectant?

<p>Hypochlorous acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using nisin and natamycin in food products?

<p>To prevent spoilage, particularly in cheese. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do aldehydes, such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, disinfect?

<p>By cross-linking with functional groups on proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what purpose is ethylene oxide used?

<p>Sterilizing heat-sensitive materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of low temperature on bacteria?

<p>Bacteriostatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does high pressure primarily kill vegetative bacteria?

<p>By denaturing proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does desiccation have on microorganisms?

<p>Prevents metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ionizing radiation damages DNA by:

<p>Inducing lethal mutations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonionizing radiation primarily kills by:

<p>Creating thymine dimers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microwaves kill microorganisms mainly through which mechanism?

<p>Heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is MOST important for effective disinfection?

<p>Concentration of the disinfectant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which governmental agency regulates disinfectants?

<p>EPA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of heat on microorganisms?

<p>Denaturing enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of phenol and phenolics on microorganisms?

<p>Disrupting plasma membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard temperature and time used in an autoclave to achieve sterilization?

<p>121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chlorhexidine?

<p>To act as a surgical hand scrub (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which moist heat kills microorganisms?

<p>Denaturation of proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of pasteurization?

<p>To reduce spoilage organisms and pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular component do alcohols target to disinfect?

<p>Proteins and lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concentrations of alcohol are most effective for disinfection?

<p>60-80% solutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which dry heat sterilization kills microorganisms?

<p>Oxidation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'oligodynamic action'?

<p>Antimicrobial activity exerted by very small amounts of a substance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials are HEPA filters designed to remove?

<p>Microbes &gt; 0.3 µm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes uses heat and steam under pressure to sterilize objects?

<p>Autoclaving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats) work as disinfectants?

<p>By denaturing proteins and disrupting plasma membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization standard?

<p>72°C for 15 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sulfur dioxide in food preservation?

<p>To prevent wine spoilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of test strips used in autoclaves?

<p>Indicate sterility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are nitrites and nitrates added to food products like cold cuts and hot dogs?

<p>To prevent endospore germination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of organic acids like sorbic acid and benzoic acid?

<p>They inhibit metabolism to prevent molds/bacteria in acidic foods and cosmetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of phenol-based disinfectants on microorganisms?

<p>Disrupting the plasma membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the antimicrobial mechanism of heavy metals?

<p>Denaturing proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of silver nitrate?

<p>Preventing ophthalmia neonatorum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of peroxygens?

<p>They are oxidizing agents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats) disinfect?

<p>By disrupting the plasma membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Against what type of bacteria is hydrogen peroxide particularly effective?

<p>Anaerobic bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sulfur dioxide added to wine?

<p>To prevent spoilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding nitrites and nitrates to processed meats?

<p>To prevent endospore germination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concentration of hydrogen peroxide is typically used as a disinfectant?

<p>3% solution or higher (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical agent has 'fair' effectiveness against both endospores and mycobacteria?

<p>Chlorines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemical agents has the least effect against mycobacteria based on the table?

<p>Silver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of disinfection?

<p>To kill or inhibit harmful microorganisms on objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'biocide' indicate?

<p>A treatment that kills microbes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of damage to a microbe's nucleic acids?

<p>Inhibition of protein synthesis or replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the removal of microbes from a limited area such as skin?

<p>Degerming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments?

<p>Number of microbes, environment, time of exposure, and microbial characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'asepsis'?

<p>The absence of significant contamination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does damage to the plasma membrane affect a microbial cell?

<p>It causes leakage of cellular contents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of bacteriostatic agents?

<p>They inhibit the growth of bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for moist heat sterilization?

<p>Denaturing proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard temperature and time for autoclaving for sterilization?

<p>121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dry heat kill microorganisms?

<p>By oxidation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of an iodophor?

<p>It is iodine combined with organic molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of HEPA filters?

<p>To remove microbes from the air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of chlorine as a disinfectant?

<p>Acting as an oxidizing agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be removed by pasteurization?

<p>Thermoduric organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the decimal reduction time (DRT)?

<p>Time to reduce a population by 90% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nisin and natamycin are primarily used for what purpose?

<p>Preventing spoilage of cheese (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum pore size of membrane filters used to remove bacteria?

<p>0.22 µm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do aldehydes like formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde inactivate microbes?

<p>By cross-linking with functional groups of proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant application of ethylene oxide in sterilization?

<p>Sterilizing heat-sensitive materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following uses an autoclave?

<p>Moist Heat Sterilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plasma sterilization involves the use of what?

<p>Electrically excited gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of 'supercritical fluids' like CO2 in sterilization?

<p>Using properties of both gas and liquid under pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'tincture' when referring to iodine?

<p>Iodine in aqueous alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low temperature on the growth of bacteria?

<p>Bacteriostatic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does high pressure contribute to microbial control?

<p>By denaturing proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of desiccation on microorganisms?

<p>Prevention of metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does nonionizing radiation primarily damage microorganisms?

<p>By creating thymine dimers in DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sepsis

Bacterial contamination.

Asepsis

Absence of significant contamination.

Sterilization

Removing and destroying all microbial life.

Disinfection

Destroying harmful microorganisms on an object.

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Antisepsis

Destroying harmful microorganisms from living tissue.

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Biocide (Germicide)

Treatments that kill microbes.

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Bacteriostasis

Inhibiting, but not killing, microbes.

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Thermal Death Point (TDP)

The lowest temperature needed to kill all cells in a liquid culture within 10 minutes.

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Thermal Death Time (TDT)

The minimum time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a specific temperature.

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Decimal Reduction Time (DRT)

The time in minutes required to kill 90% of a microbial population at a given temperature.

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Autoclave

A sterilization method using heat and steam under pressure, typically at 121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes.

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Pasteurization

A method that reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens in liquids, but it does not achieve sterilization.

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HTST Pasteurization

A pasteurization method that uses 72°C for 15 seconds.

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Dry Heat Sterilization

Sterilization using methods like flaming, incineration, or hot-air ovens to kill microbes via oxidation.

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Filtration

A method that removes microbes by passing a substance through a filter with small pores.

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HEPA Filters

Filters that remove microbes larger than 0.3 µm from the air.

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Iodine Disinfectants

Disinfectants with iodine, used as wound antiseptics or combined with organic molecules.

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Chlorine Disinfectants

Disinfectants that are oxidizing agents, used widely in pools and drinking water.

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Nisin and Natamycin

Disinfectants that prevent spoilage of cheese.

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Aldehydes Disinfectants

Disinfectants that sterilize by cross-linking with functional groups on proteins, preserving specimens and sterilizing equipment.

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Ethylene Oxide

A chemical sterilant that replaces hydrogen atoms, inhibiting cellular functions, and is used for heat-sensitive materials.

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Bacteriostatic Effect

Slows microbial growth without killing.

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Lyophilization

Uses freezing to preserve microbes by sublimation.

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Desiccation

Removal of water to inhibit microbial growth.

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Osmotic Pressure

Uses high concentrations of salts and sugars to create a hypertonic environment, causing water to leave the cell.

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Ionizing Radiation

Damages DNA through hydroxyl radicals from ionized water.

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Nonionizing Radiation (UV)

Causes thymine dimers, damaging DNA.

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Microwaves

Primarily kill by heat; not particularly antimicrobial on their own.

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Disinfectants

EPA regulates these chemicals used on inanimate objects.

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Disk-Diffusion Method

Evaluates the efficacy of a chemical agent by measuring the zone of inhibition.

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Phenol and Phenolics

Disinfectants that injure lipids of plasma membranes, causing leakage.

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Bisphenols

Disinfectants containing two phenol groups connected by a bridge, effective even with organic matter present.

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Biguanides

Disinfectants that disrupt plasma membranes, effective against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and some enveloped viruses.

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Alcohols

Disinfectants that denature proteins and dissolve lipids but are ineffective against endospores and nonenveloped viruses.

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Oligodynamic action

Antimicrobial activity exerted by very small amounts of heavy metals that denature proteins.

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Heavy Metals

Disinfectants including silver, mercury, copper, and zinc, which denature proteins.

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Soaps

Agents that degerm through emulsification.

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Acid-anionic sanitizers

Reacts with plasma membranes.

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Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)

Cations are bactericidal, denature proteins, and disrupt plasma membranes.

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Sulfur dioxide

Used as food chemical preservatives to prevent wine spoilage.

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Degerming

The mechanical removal of microbes from a limited area.

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Sanitization

Lowering microbial counts on eating utensils to safe levels.

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Heat in Microbial Control

The process of killing microbes by denaturing their enzymes using heat.

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Autoclave Conditions

Sterilization method using heat/steam under pressure, commonly at 121°C and 15 psi for 15 minutes.

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Pasteurization Purpose

Reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens without sterilizing.

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Dry Heat Sterilization Method

Utilizes methods like flaming and incineration to kill microbes through oxidation.

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Filtration Sterilization

Removes microbes by passing a substance through a filter with very small pores.

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HEPA Filters Size

Filters that remove microbes larger than 0.3 µm from air.

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Iodine as Disinfectant

Impair protein synthesis and alters membranes; examples include tinctures and iodophors (like Betadine).

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Aldehydes as Sterilants

Inactivate proteins by cross-linking functional groups; used for preserving specimens and sterilizing medical equipment.

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Gaseous Sterilants

Sterilants that cause alkylation, cross-linking nucleic acids and proteins, inhibiting cellular function; used for heat-sensitive materials.

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Plasma Sterilization

Electrically excited gas; free radicals destroy microbes, used on tubular instruments.

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Nonionizing (UV) Radiation

Damages DNA by creating thymine dimers, most effective on actively dividing organisms; used for air and surface disinfection.

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Disinfectant Concentration

Effective disinfection requires using appropriate concentrations of disinfectant.

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Organic Matter Interference

Organic matter can interfere with disinfectant efficacy.

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pH Influence on Disinfection

The effectiveness of disinfectants can vary depending on the pH.

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Disinfection Contact Time

Disinfectants need adequate contact time to effectively kill microbes.

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Chlorhexidine

Disrupt plasma membranes; used in surgical hand scrubs

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Alcohols as Disinfectants

Denature proteins and dissolve lipids; require water to be effective

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Acid-anionic Sanitizers/Detergents

Anions react with plasma membrane

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Organic Acids

Inhibit metabolism, prevent molds/bacteria in acidic foods and cosmetics

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Nitrites and Nitrates

Prevent endospore germination; used in cold cuts/hot dogs, can convert to nitrosamine

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Nosocomial infections

Hospital-acquired infections

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Commercial sterilization

Killing C. botulinum endospores from canned goods using heat.

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Sterilant

A sterilizing agent.

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Microbial Death Rate

An exponential decrease in the number of microbes over time.

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Factors Affecting Treatment Effectiveness

Number of microbes, environment, time of exposure, and microbial characteristics.

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Alteration of Membrane Permeability

Leakage of cell contents

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Damage to Proteins/Enzymes

Breaking bonds or denaturation

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Damage to Nucleic Acids

Caused by heat, radiation, or chemicals.

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High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST)

Pasteurization at 72°C for 15 seconds.

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Refrigeration Bacteriostasis

A physical method using cold temperatures to slow down microbial growth without killing them.

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High Pressure Microbial Control

A physical method where high pressure denatures proteins and alters carbohydrate structures to kill vegetative bacteria.

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Desiccation in Microbial Control

A physical method that inhibits metabolism by removing water, though microbes may remain viable.

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Osmotic Pressure Control

A physical method using high concentrations of salts or sugars to create a hypertonic environment, leading to plasmolysis.

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Ionizing Radiation Mechanism

Radiation that ionizes water to form reactive hydroxyl radicals, damaging DNA and causing lethal mutations.

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UV Radiation Damage

Radiation that damages DNA by creating thymine dimers, especially harmful to actively dividing organisms.

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Disinfectants (EPA)

Chemical agents used on non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms, regulated by the EPA.

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Antiseptics (FDA)

Chemical agents applied to living tissue to destroy harmful microorganisms, regulated by the FDA.

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Peroxygens

Chemical agents used on surfaces and food packaging to kill microorganisms via oxidation.

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Ozone (O3)

O3, effective oxidizing agent used as a disinfectant.

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Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

A common peroxygen that at 3% solution or higher, is used as a disinfectant.

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Effervescent Action

A characteristic that makes H2O2 useful for wound cleansing to remove tissue debris.

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Glutaraldehyde

Agent with fair effectiveness against endospores and good effectiveness against mycobacteria.

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Iodine Tinctures

Antiseptic solutions containing iodine in aqueous alcohol, used for wound cleaning.

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Iodophors

Complexes of iodine and organic molecules, like Betadine, that slowly release iodine, reducing skin irritation and staining.

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Chlorine Action.

Oxidizing agents used in disinfectants that inhibit cellular enzyme systems in microorganisms.

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Bleach Composition

A solution of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), widely used for disinfection in pools and drinking water.

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Chloramine Mixture

A combination of chlorine and ammonia; used as a disinfectant.

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Bacteriocins Definition

Proteins produced by bacteria that inhibit the growth of other bacteria and prevent spoilage.

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Aldehydes Mechanism

Chemicals inactivating proteins by cross-linking functional groups; used in preservatives and medical equipment sterilization.

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Alkylation Definition

Sterilizing agents replacing hydrogen atoms of a chemical group with a free chemical radical, inhibiting cellular function.

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