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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of antisepsis?
What is the primary purpose of antisepsis?
- To kill pathogens on living tissues (correct)
- To sterilize glasswares and oil
- To reduce microbial counts to acceptable levels of public health standards
- To destroy vegetative pathogens on body surfaces
Which method is most effective for sterilization inanimate objects?
Which method is most effective for sterilization inanimate objects?
- Boiling water
- Incineration (correct)
- UV irradiation
- Filtration with liquid
What factor affects the efficiency of microbial control methods related to time?
What factor affects the efficiency of microbial control methods related to time?
- Contact hours
- Temperature applied
- Length of time (correct)
- Physical agents
Which type of radiation is commonly used for sterilization?
Which type of radiation is commonly used for sterilization?
What is the main purpose of pasteurization?
What is the main purpose of pasteurization?
Which method is suitable for reducing microbial counts to acceptable public health standards?
Which method is suitable for reducing microbial counts to acceptable public health standards?
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic actions of antimicrobials?
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic actions of antimicrobials?
Which process involves the complete removal or destruction of all viable microbes, including endospores?
Which process involves the complete removal or destruction of all viable microbes, including endospores?
What is the main difference between sterilization and disinfection?
What is the main difference between sterilization and disinfection?
What is the purpose of decontamination?
What is the purpose of decontamination?
Which term refers to the use of physical or chemical agents to kill vegetative bacteria or pathogens, excluding endospores?
Which term refers to the use of physical or chemical agents to kill vegetative bacteria or pathogens, excluding endospores?
What mechanism of gene transfer spreads immunity among bacteria?
What mechanism of gene transfer spreads immunity among bacteria?
What is the main goal of sterilization in microbial control methods?
What is the main goal of sterilization in microbial control methods?
Which antimicrobial agent directly damages proteins or nucleic acids of microorganisms?
Which antimicrobial agent directly damages proteins or nucleic acids of microorganisms?
What is the primary purpose of disinfection in microbial control methods?
What is the primary purpose of disinfection in microbial control methods?
Which factor affects the efficiency of microbial control methods by influencing contact time and length of exposure?
Which factor affects the efficiency of microbial control methods by influencing contact time and length of exposure?
What is the key characteristic of Narrow Spectrum antimicrobial agents?
What is the key characteristic of Narrow Spectrum antimicrobial agents?
Which term best describes the process of reducing microbial counts to acceptable levels?
Which term best describes the process of reducing microbial counts to acceptable levels?
What do broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents primarily do?
What do broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents primarily do?
What is the main purpose of mechanical removal methods in microbial control?
What is the main purpose of mechanical removal methods in microbial control?
What is the key characteristic of Limited Spectrum antimicrobial agents?
What is the key characteristic of Limited Spectrum antimicrobial agents?
What is the primary purpose of Antisepsis in microbial control methods?
What is the primary purpose of Antisepsis in microbial control methods?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Contributions to Microbiology
- Lazzaro Spallanzani discovered that no growth took place in a sealed flask, not exposed to the environment.
- Robert Koch showed that a specific microorganism causes a particular disease, and discovered bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Vibrio cholerae.
- Robert Koch developed Koch's Postulate, which states that:
- Microorganisms are observed in a diseased animal.
- The same microorganisms are cultivated in the laboratory.
- The same microorganisms are injected into a healthy animal.
- The healthy animal then develops the same disease.
- The same microorganisms are cultivated from the diseased animal.
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and its curative effect in various diseases.
The Human Microbiome
- The human microbiome acts as symbiotic partners, supplying essential nutrients, and shaping morphological and physiological attributes.
- Eubiosis refers to health, while dysbiosis refers to disease.
- Microbial infections result from host-microbe interaction, and can lead to a burden of disease.
Microbial Infection and Disease
- Symbionts are organisms living in symbiosis.
- Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms that can lead to a burden of disease.
- Burden of disease refers to death and loss of health due to microbial pathogens.
- Burden of microbial infection refers to naturally occurring microorganisms that constitute a global catastrophic biological risk.
Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antibiotics kill a vast majority of susceptible bacteria quickly by disrupting their metabolism, DNA, or outer layer.
- Some bacteria have found ways to protect themselves from antibiotics, such as intercepting antibiotics and changing molecules, or investing energy in pumps that eject antibiotics.
- Antibiotics should be treated as a last-resort drug.
- Spreading of antibiotic immunity can occur through gene transfer via conjugation.
Microbial Control Methods
- Microbial control methods can be classified into three modes: physical agents, chemical agents, and mechanical removal methods.
- Factors affecting the efficiency of microbial control methods include contact hours, length of time, and temperature applied.
- Antimicrobial agents can be classified into three types: natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic.
- Antimicrobial agents can be used to inhibit cell wall synthesis, directly damage proteins or nucleic acids, or disrupt cytoplasmic membrane function.
One Health
- The concept of One Health emphasizes that the health of one is the health of everyone, and achieving optimal health and well-being outcomes.
- Human health is connected to the health of animals, plants, and the environment.
Microscopic Organisms and Treatment
- Microscopic organisms are too small to be seen by the naked eye, except for fungi.
- Treatments against microscopic organisms include antibiotics, disinfection, and antisepsis.
- The mechanical removal of most microbes is a method of microbial control.
Microbial Control Methods (continued)
- Physical agents of microbial control include heat, radiation, and dry and moist methods.
- Chemical agents of microbial control include liquids, gases, and animates and inanimate objects.
- Mechanical removal methods include filtration, air, and liquid.
- Factors affecting the efficiency of microbial control methods include contact hours, length of time, and temperature applied.
Antimicrobial Actions
- Antimicrobial actions can be classified into two types: bactericidal and bacteriostatic.
- Bactericidal antimicrobial actions destroy or kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antimicrobial actions stop or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Principles of Microbial Control
- Sterilization is the process of destroying all living organisms and viruses, including endospores.
- Disinfection is the use of physical or chemical agents to kill vegetative bacteria or pathogens, except for endospores.
- Decontamination is the treatment of an inanimate object or surface to make it safe to handle or use.
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