Microbial Control and Sterilization Techniques

<p>Lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It denatures proteins, effectively killing microorganisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of the penicillin beta-lactam ring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevention of penetration of the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methicillin resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improper antibiotic usage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces the success of artificial replacements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-linking with functional groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denatures proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It slows down wound healing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leaves no toxic residues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of lipopolysaccharide layers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disinfecting hospital instruments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is highly reactive and generated through electrical discharges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sorbic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct contact with steam or in an aqueous solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>121°C and 15psi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce spoilage organisms and pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They disrupt plasma membranes and are low in toxicity to skin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It combines with amino acids of enzymes and proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Killing endospores and all organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involves heating to 140°C for a short period. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change shape of the 30S subunit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linezolid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discoloration of teeth in children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal inhibitory concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broth dilution tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selection for resistance mutants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetracycline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrolides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit folic acid synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ciprofloxacin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents peptidoglycan synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminopenicillins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs that inhibit bacteria from growing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are resistant to penicillinase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of antibiotic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endospore-forming spoilage bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mould known as Penicillium notatum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preserve red meat color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Works against only certain gram-negatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vancomycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life, including endospores (except prions).

Sufficient heat to kill endospores of Clostridium botulinum in canned food.

Removal/destruction of vegetative pathogens but not endospores or resting stages.

Lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 minutes.

Time to kill all cells in a culture.

A method of sterilization using steam under pressure. High heat and pressure kill all organisms, including spores, in a short time.

A heat treatment used to reduce spoilage organisms and pathogens in food and beverages. Often uses lower temperatures than sterilization.

Uses steam to kill microorganisms. The steam must contact the surface of the item being sterilized.

The pressure in an autoclave must be higher at higher altitudes to compensate for the reduced atmospheric pressure.

Disinfectants that disrupt plasma membranes and remain active in organic matter (blood, etc).

Disinfectants that disrupt plasma membranes. Used in surgical scrubs due to low skin toxicity.

Disinfectants (like iodine and chlorine) that combine with proteins or strong oxidizing reagents. Kills many germs

A high-level antimicrobial procedure to kill all microbes, including endospores. Often requiring high temperatures, pressures and/or chemicals.

Aldehydes like formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde inactivate proteins by forming strong bonds with functional groups like amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulfhydryl.

Formaldehyde is a gas that's great at killing microbes. It's often used as formalin, a 37% solution in water.

Glutaraldehyde is a liquid disinfectant used for hospital instruments. A strong solution (Cidex) kills even tough microbes and spores.

Ethylene oxide is a gas that denatures proteins and kills everything, even spores. It works in closed chambers and takes hours to do its job.

Ozone is a very reactive form of oxygen that helps neutralize bad tastes and smells. It's often used with chlorine in water treatment.

Hydrogen peroxide is a common disinfectant, but it's not great for open wounds. It works well on surfaces and against certain microbes.

Benzoyl peroxide is an over-the-counter medication for acne that's also useful for treating wounds infected with anaerobic bacteria.

Per-acetic acid is a very effective liquid disinfectant. It's fast-acting and safe because it doesn't leave harmful residues.

Chemical food preservative used in processed meats like ham and bacon. Prevents endospore germination, preserves red meat color, but can react with amino acids to form carcinogenic nitrosamines.

A tasteless, easily digestible, and non-toxic antibiotic that prevents the growth of endospore-forming spoilage bacteria in food.

An anti-fungal and antibiotic approved for use in foods like cheese.

Discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, produced by the Penicillium notatum mold.

Performed in 1940 by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, demonstrating its effectiveness in treating bacterial infections.

Derived from other microorganisms, primarily from soil-dwelling filamentous bacteria like Streptomyces.

Effective against a limited range of microbial types, targeting specific bacteria.

Effective against a wide range of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative.

Directly kill microbes, eliminating their ability to reproduce.

Prevent microbes from growing and multiplying, halting their spread.

An enzyme produced by bacteria that breaks down the beta-lactam ring of penicillin antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A type of bacteria highly resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin. It is a serious concern in healthcare settings.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. A strain of bacteria highly resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin, which is often used as a last resort for infections.

Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through various mechanisms. Some examples include: - Modifying the antibiotic itself (e.g., beta-lactamases breaking down penicillin). - Preventing the antibiotic from entering the bacterial cell. - Changing the target site within bacteria, making the antibiotic ineffective. - Rapidly ejecting the antibiotic from the cell.

Antibiotic resistance has serious consequences for human health. It can lead to increased infections, treatment failures, longer hospital stays, higher costs, and even death. It also threatens advances in surgery, transplants, and even basic medical treatments.

Antibiotics targeting bacterial ribosome's 30S subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis. They have a broad spectrum and are effective against Pseudomonas infections, including those in cystic fibrosis.

Antibiotics that bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis. Though broad-spectrum, they can cause teeth staining in children and liver damage in pregnant women.

Antibiotics that target the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting translation. They are cyclic peptides and primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

Antibiotics targeting the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis. They are effective against Gram-positive bacteria and prevent translocation.

A newer class of antibiotics, effective against Gram-positive bacteria. They bind to the 50S subunit, inhibiting the formation of the 70S ribosome, preventing protein synthesis.

Antibiotic that disrupts the plasma membrane of bacteria, causing cell lysis. Primarily effective against Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas.

Interfere with bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase, an enzyme essential for DNA coiling. They have varying spectrums, including effectiveness against anthrax.

Antibiotics that competitively inhibit the synthesis of folic acid, essential for bacterial growth. They have a broad spectrum and are often used in combination with Trimethoprim.

A test used to evaluate bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. Filter paper disks soaked in known concentrations of antibiotics are placed on a growth medium seeded with the bacteria. The size of the zone of inhibition around the disk indicates the bacteria's sensitivity to that antibiotic.