75 Questions
Name a group of aerobic gram-positive cocci that are catalase positive.
Staphylococcus
Which microorganism is known for causing meningococcal disease, often transmitted via droplets and entering the bloodstream?
Neisseria meningitidis
What type of staining is used to detect fungi in the laboratory?
Silver staining
What technique is used to find nucleic acids, including in the identification of microorganisms?
Hybridisation & Amplification
List the steps of PCR in the correct order.
Denatur (95º), annealing (-50º), Extension (72º)
What is the main cause of subacute infective endocarditis?
Viridans group of streptococci
What is the major treatment for infective endocarditis?
Antimicrobials
What is the hallmark sign of infective endocarditis?
Vegetations
How is Hepatitis B transmitted?
Bloodborne
What is the treatment for chronic Hepatitis C?
Direct-acting antiviral therapy
What are the two main causes of catheter-related bloodstream infections?
Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus
What are the two main types of Hepatitis B antibodies used for diagnosis?
Surface antigen and core antibody
What is the main cause of acute symptoms in bloodborne viruses Hepatitis A and E?
Feacal to oral route
What is the primary diagnostic tool for infective endocarditis?
Blood culture
What is the treatment for septic shock?
Fluids and inotropes/pressors
What is the significance of having both surface and core antibody for Hepatitis B?
You overcame the infection yourself.
What is the role of serological tests in diagnosing Hepatitis B?
They test for antigens/DNA and antibodies.
How is Hepatitis C transmitted?
Through blood-to-blood contact.
What is the main treatment for Chronic Hepatitis C?
Direct-acting antiviral therapy.
What are the two main types of catheters associated with device-related infections?
Vascular and urinary catheters.
What is the purpose of the Dacron cuff in a catheter?
To prevent infection and secure the catheter in place.
What is the distinguishing feature of Staphylococcus aureus that impacts treatment choice?
It is coagulase-positive.
What is the main cause of sepsis in patients?
Failure to handle an infection properly.
What is the key diagnostic criterion for diagnosing infective endocarditis?
Presence of vegetations on heart valves.
Why is MRSA treated with vancomycin instead of beta-lactams?
Vancomycin is active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
What is the distinguishing feature of Neisseria meningitidis when causing meningococcal disease?
Transmission via droplets
What is the common cause of bacterial vaginosis, involving a variety of microorganisms including coliforms and yeast?
Bacterial vaginosis
What is the primary diagnostic tool for viruses that cannot be detected via light microscopy?
Antigen tests
What is the hallmark sign of Staphylococcus aureus infection?
⅓ of people have it in their nose
What are the steps involved in PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in the correct order?
Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
What is the main cause of endocarditis often related to poor mouth care?
Viridans streptococci
Which gram-positive cocci are catalase-negative?
Enterococcus and streptococcus
What is the method used to find nucleic acids, including in the identification of microorganisms?
Hybridisation & Amplification (PCR)
What is the classification of microorganisms based on the use of antibodies to identify the antigen?
Serotype
What staining technique is used to detect fungi in the laboratory?
Silver staining
What is the classification of microorganisms based on the use of antibodies to identify the antigen?
Serotype
Which group of microorganisms is known to cause bacterial vaginosis, including coliforms and yeast?
Variety
What is the distinguishing feature of viridans streptococci when causing endocarditis?
Common Cause
What is the main method used to detect viruses that cannot be seen through a light microscope?
Antigen Tests
What is the primary cause of infective endocarditis often related to poor mouth care?
Staph Aureus
What is the main technique used to find nucleic acids, including in the identification of microorganisms?
Hybridisation & Amplification (PCR)
List the steps involved in PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in the correct order.
Denatur, Annealing, Extension
What is the primary cause of meningococcal disease often transmitted via droplets and entering the bloodstream?
Neisseria Meningitidis
What is the main staining technique used to detect fungi in the laboratory?
Silver Staining
What is the significance of lactobacilli in a healthy vagina?
Provide Nutrients
Explain the significance of having both surface and core antibody for Hepatitis B.
Having both surface and core antibody means the person has overcome the infection themselves.
Describe the diagnostic approach for differentiating between Hepatitis B infection stages using serological tests.
Serological tests can distinguish between infection, vaccination, past infection, and current immunity.
What is the distinguishing feature between Hepatitis A, E, and B in terms of symptom duration and treatment approach?
Hepatitis A and E present with acute symptoms and are well treated, while Hepatitis B can become chronic and requires antiviral therapy.
Explain the treatment strategy for Hepatitis B infection based on the patient's HBeAg status.
Patients with HBeAg positive status are eligible for antivirals, while those without it may not receive antiviral treatment.
What is the primary treatment for septic shock, and why is it crucial?
The primary treatment for septic shock is maintaining blood pressure using fluid, inotropes, or pressors.
Describe the role of nucleoside analogues in the treatment of Hepatitis B, and provide examples of such medications.
Nucleoside analogues like entecavir, tenofovir, and lamivudine are used to inhibit viral replication in Hepatitis B.
Explain the significance of the Dacron cuff in catheters used for medical procedures.
The Dacron cuff is antimicrobial and helps secure the catheter in place by allowing the body to grow onto it.
Describe the diagnosis and treatment approach for infective endocarditis, including key diagnostic criteria and major treatment options.
Diagnosis involves blood culture positivity and echocardiogram findings, while treatment includes antimicrobials like vancomycin and gentamicin.
Explain the classification of microorganisms based on the use of antibodies to identify the antigen, and provide an example.
Microorganisms can be classified based on antigen-antibody reactions, such as identifying Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies.
Describe the process of diagnosing catheter-related bloodstream infections and the main causes of such infections.
Diagnosis involves identifying pathogens causing infections related to catheters, with Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus being common causes.
Identify the common cause of bacterial vaginosis, involving a variety of microorganisms including coliforms and yeast.
Bacterial vaginosis
What is the distinguishing feature of viridans streptococci when causing endocarditis?
Viridans streptococci
Name the aerobic gram-positive cocci that are catalase positive.
Staphylococcus
What is the main treatment for Chronic Hepatitis C?
Antiviral medication
What is the primary treatment for septic shock?
Immediate administration of antibiotics
List the steps involved in PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in the correct order.
Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
What type of staining is used to detect fungi in the laboratory?
Silver staining
What is the significance of lactobacilli in a healthy vagina?
Competitively inhibit pathogens
What is the main method used to detect viruses that cannot be seen through a light microscope?
Antigen tests
What is the primary diagnostic tool for viruses that cannot be detected via light microscopy?
Antigen tests
Explain the significance of having both surface and core antibody for Hepatitis B.
Having both surface and core antibody indicates that the individual has overcome the infection themselves.
What is the distinguishing feature of Mycobacterium when conducting acid fast testing?
Mycobacterium retains the stain despite acid washing, leading to the term 'acid-fast'.
What is the primary cause of acute symptoms in bloodborne viruses Hepatitis A and E?
The primary cause of acute symptoms in Hepatitis A and E is the fecal-oral route of transmission.
How is Hepatitis C transmitted?
Hepatitis C is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood.
What is the main cause of sepsis in patients?
Sepsis in patients is mainly caused by the body's inadequate response to an infection.
What is the main cause of endocarditis often related to poor mouth care?
The main cause of endocarditis related to poor mouth care is oral streptococci.
What is the distinguishing feature of viridans streptococci when causing endocarditis?
Viridans streptococci are known for causing subacute endocarditis due to their slow culture growth.
What is the hallmark sign of Staphylococcus aureus infection?
The hallmark sign of Staphylococcus aureus infection is the formation of abscesses.
What is the main treatment for Chronic Hepatitis C?
The main treatment for chronic Hepatitis C involves Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA) therapy.
Explain the treatment strategy for Hepatitis B infection based on the patient's HBeAg status.
Patients with positive HBeAg require antiviral therapy, while those without it may not need immediate treatment.
Test your knowledge on the classification of microorganisms based on Gram staining, acid fast testing, serotyping, and catalase reactions. Learn about different groups of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria commonly found in various environments.
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