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Questions and Answers
Which branch of phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds?
What is a free morpheme?
What is the primary focus of syntax in linguistics?
What defines ambiguity in semantics?
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Which of the following best describes implicature in pragmatics?
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What does discourse analysis primarily examine?
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Which aspect does inflection in morphology relate to?
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What is a key concept examined in auditory phonetics?
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Study Notes
Micro Linguistics
Phonetics
- Definition: The study of the sounds of human speech.
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Branches:
- Articulatory Phonetics: How speech sounds are produced.
- Acoustic Phonetics: The physical properties of speech sounds.
- Auditory Phonetics: How sounds are perceived by the ear.
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Key Concepts:
- Phonemes: The smallest units of sound that can distinguish meaning.
- IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet used for transcribing sounds.
Morphology
- Definition: The study of the structure and formation of words.
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Key Components:
- Morphemes: The smallest units of meaning (e.g., prefixes, roots, suffixes).
- Free vs. Bound Morphemes: Free can stand alone; bound must attach to other morphemes.
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Processes:
- Inflection: Modifying words to express tense, mood, voice, etc.
- Derivation: Creating new words by adding prefixes or suffixes.
Syntax
- Definition: The study of sentence structure and the rules governing word order.
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Key Concepts:
- Phrase structure: How phrases are formed (noun phrases, verb phrases, etc.).
- Constituents: Parts of a sentence that function as a single unit.
- Tree diagrams: Visual representations of sentence structure.
Semantics
- Definition: The study of meaning in language.
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Key Concepts:
- Lexical Semantics: Meaning of words and their relationships.
- Compositional Semantics: How meanings combine in phrases and sentences.
- Ambiguity: Words/phrases having multiple meanings (lexical vs. structural).
Pragmatics
- Definition: The study of language in context and how meaning is affected by context.
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Key Concepts:
- Speech Acts: Actions performed via speaking (e.g., requests, promises).
- Implicature: Suggestions or meanings implied but not explicitly stated.
- Deixis: Words that require contextual information (e.g., "here", "you").
Discourse Analysis
- Definition: The study of language use across texts and conversations.
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Key Concepts:
- Cohesion and Coherence: How parts of a text connect and make sense together.
- Turn-taking: Rules governing interactions in conversations.
- Speech events: Contextual factors influencing discourse (e.g., social norms, setting).
Phonetics
- The study of human speech sounds.
- Branches: Articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics.
- Articulatory phonetics focuses on how sounds are produced.
- Acoustic phonetics examines the physical properties of speech sounds.
- Auditory phonetics explores how sounds are perceived by the ear.
- Phonemes are the smallest sound units that distinguish meaning.
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a standardized system for transcribing sounds.
Morphology
- The study of word structure and formation.
- Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning, such as prefixes, roots, and suffixes.
- Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes.
- Inflection modifies words to express tense, mood, voice, etc.
- Derivation creates new words by adding prefixes or suffixes.
Syntax
- The study of sentence structure and word order rules.
- Phrase structure describes how phrases are formed (noun phrases, verb phrases, etc.).
- Constituents are parts of a sentence that function as a single unit
- Tree diagrams visually represent sentence structure.
Semantics
- The study of meaning in language.
- Lexical semantics focuses on the meaning of individual words and their relationships.
- Compositional semantics explores how meanings combine in phrases and sentences.
- Ambiguity exists when words or phrases have multiple meanings, which can be lexical (word-level) or structural (sentence-level).
Pragmatics
- The study of language in context and how meaning is affected by context.
- Speech acts are actions performed through speaking, such as requests or promises.
- Implicature refers to suggestions or meanings implied but not explicitly stated.
- Deixis involves words that require contextual information for interpretation, such as "here" or "you."
Discourse Analysis
- The study of language use across texts and conversations.
- Cohesion and coherence refer to how parts of a text connect and make sense together.
- Turn-taking involves the rules governing interactions in conversations.
- Speech events encompass contextual factors influencing discourse, such as social norms and setting.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of Micro Linguistics, including phonetics, morphology, and syntax. Dive into the various branches of phonetics, the structure of words, and the rules governing sentence formation.
