Micro-level Theories of Delinquency
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Questions and Answers

What did classical theorists like Cesare Beccaria argue about individuals' actions?

  • Individuals act randomly without consideration.
  • Individuals weigh the consequences of their actions. (correct)
  • Individuals' actions are pre-determined by societal norms.
  • Individuals are driven solely by biological factors.

    • What is one aspect of biological determinism?

  • Biology is a key factor in criminal behavior. (correct)
  • Behavior is solely influenced by cultural factors.
  • Biology has no impact on criminal behavior.
  • Criminality is purely a psychological issue.

    • Which of the following theories emphasizes that delinquency is learned through interaction with groups?

  • Psychological Theory
  • Differential Association Theory (correct)
  • Biological Theory
  • Classical Theory

    • What must punishment adhere to, according to Beccaria for it to be most effective?

    <p>It should be swift, public, and severe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early psychological theories suggest about behavior?

    <p>Behavior stems from a balance of personality elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In modern biosocial theories, what factor is noted to indirectly affect delinquency?

    <p>Dietary habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Freud's contribution to understanding delinquency?

    <p>Behavior is a product of internal personality conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ronald Akers introduce to the differential association theory?

    <p>Behavioral concepts of learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Social Control Theory?

    <p>Exploring how social bonds encourage conformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory, which component is NOT part of the social bond?

    <p>Rebellious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Techniques of Neutralization Model suggest about individuals engaging in wrong behavior?

    <p>They feel justified in their actions due to external circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a key aspect of General Strain Theory?

    <p>Strain can provoke delinquent behavior in response to various pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does General Strain Theory specifically relate to race?

    <p>Minorities often encounter unique strains that may lead to non-conventional behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element of Broidy and Agnew's findings regarding gender suggests boys might experience more strain?

    <p>Boys are subjected to greater external expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What question did Traub and Little pose regarding societal rules?

    <p>Why do individuals obey societal rules?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assumption is made by Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory regarding delinquent activity?

    <p>Delinquent behavior is anticipated and can be influenced by social bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Micro-level Theories of Delinquency

    • Focus on individual factors that contribute to delinquent behavior.

    Pre-Classical Ideas

    • Deviance was primarily attributed to external factors.
    • Punishment approaches were influenced by societal norms rather than individual circumstances.

    Classical Theories

    • Thomas Hobbes emphasized man's innate capacity for rational thought.
    • Classical theorists believed individuals evaluate the consequences of their actions before proceeding.
    • Crucial figures include Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, who argued that choices are made based on potential benefits versus risks.

    Choice Theories

    • Beccaria asserted that effective punishment must meet three specific criteria.
    • Theories suggest offenders act with intention to maximize personal gain, laying groundwork for modern criminology.
    • Research has predominantly applied these theories to understand adult rather than juvenile behavior.

    Biological/Psychological/Biosocial Theories

    Early Biological Theories

    • Biological determinism posits that genetics largely influence criminal behavior.
    • Eugenics sought to breed a better human race by eliminating perceived genetic 'defects.'

    Psychological Theories

    • Freudian psychology linked personality components to deviant behavior, focusing on the id, ego, and superego.

    Modern Biosocial Theories

    • These theories integrate biology, psychology, and environmental factors in shaping youth delinquency.
    • Diet is suggested to indirectly affect behavior through mental health issues like depression or hyperactivity.
    • Research highlights the impact of environmental toxins on juvenile delinquency.

    Differential Association Theory

    • Edwin Sutherland emphasized the role of social groups in learning behaviors and norms through interaction.
    • Ronald Akers introduced behavioral concepts to explain how individuals learn and adopt delinquent behaviors.

    Gender and Race Dynamics in Delinquency

    • Research indicates boys exhibit higher delinquency rates compared to girls.
    • Minority youth face different dynamics due to limited research on the intersection of race, gender, and delinquency.

    Social Control Theory/Social Bonding Theory

    • Rooted in classical theories, emphasizes the importance of societal controls to maintain order.
    • Questions societal obedience over disobedience, shifting focus to factors fostering rule adherence.

    Classical Social Control Theory by Hirschi

    • Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory identifies four elements of social bonds that inhibit delinquent behavior: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

    Life Course and Developmental Theories

    • Examines how social bonds evolve throughout an individual's life.
    • Acknowledges that personal trajectories can alter over time influenced by various stages of life.

    Techniques of Neutralization Model (Sykes & Matza)

    • Justifications used to mitigate responsibility for deviant behavior include rationalizations about coercion, victim blame, denial of harm, and adherence to conflicting norms.

    General Strain Theory

    • Robert Agnew proposed that strain leads individuals or groups to delinquency based on various societal pressures.
    • Key sources of strain include economic difficulties, community issues, and discrimination affecting juveniles.

    General Strain Theory and Race

    • Black individuals experience heightened strain, including socio-economic challenges and systemic discrimination.
    • Coping mechanisms in response to strain may diverge from conventional responses.

    General Strain Theory & Gender

    • Broidy and Agnew suggest that boys face different and often more intense strains compared to girls, potentially leading to variances in delinquent responses.

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    Description

    Explore the micro-level theories that explain individual delinquency. This quiz covers pre-Classical ideas, classical theories from thinkers like Hobbes, Beccaria, and Bentham, and looks at choice theories regarding punishment and decision-making. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in the study of deviance.

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