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Questions and Answers
What did classical theorists like Cesare Beccaria argue about individuals' actions?
What is one aspect of biological determinism?
Which of the following theories emphasizes that delinquency is learned through interaction with groups?
What must punishment adhere to, according to Beccaria for it to be most effective?
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What did early psychological theories suggest about behavior?
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In modern biosocial theories, what factor is noted to indirectly affect delinquency?
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Which of the following best describes Freud's contribution to understanding delinquency?
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What did Ronald Akers introduce to the differential association theory?
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What is the primary focus of Social Control Theory?
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According to Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory, which component is NOT part of the social bond?
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What does the Techniques of Neutralization Model suggest about individuals engaging in wrong behavior?
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Which statement reflects a key aspect of General Strain Theory?
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How does General Strain Theory specifically relate to race?
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What element of Broidy and Agnew's findings regarding gender suggests boys might experience more strain?
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What question did Traub and Little pose regarding societal rules?
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Which assumption is made by Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory regarding delinquent activity?
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Study Notes
Micro-level Theories of Delinquency
- Focus on individual factors that contribute to delinquent behavior.
Pre-Classical Ideas
- Deviance was primarily attributed to external factors.
- Punishment approaches were influenced by societal norms rather than individual circumstances.
Classical Theories
- Thomas Hobbes emphasized man's innate capacity for rational thought.
- Classical theorists believed individuals evaluate the consequences of their actions before proceeding.
- Crucial figures include Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, who argued that choices are made based on potential benefits versus risks.
Choice Theories
- Beccaria asserted that effective punishment must meet three specific criteria.
- Theories suggest offenders act with intention to maximize personal gain, laying groundwork for modern criminology.
- Research has predominantly applied these theories to understand adult rather than juvenile behavior.
Biological/Psychological/Biosocial Theories
Early Biological Theories
- Biological determinism posits that genetics largely influence criminal behavior.
- Eugenics sought to breed a better human race by eliminating perceived genetic 'defects.'
Psychological Theories
- Freudian psychology linked personality components to deviant behavior, focusing on the id, ego, and superego.
Modern Biosocial Theories
- These theories integrate biology, psychology, and environmental factors in shaping youth delinquency.
- Diet is suggested to indirectly affect behavior through mental health issues like depression or hyperactivity.
- Research highlights the impact of environmental toxins on juvenile delinquency.
Differential Association Theory
- Edwin Sutherland emphasized the role of social groups in learning behaviors and norms through interaction.
- Ronald Akers introduced behavioral concepts to explain how individuals learn and adopt delinquent behaviors.
Gender and Race Dynamics in Delinquency
- Research indicates boys exhibit higher delinquency rates compared to girls.
- Minority youth face different dynamics due to limited research on the intersection of race, gender, and delinquency.
Social Control Theory/Social Bonding Theory
- Rooted in classical theories, emphasizes the importance of societal controls to maintain order.
- Questions societal obedience over disobedience, shifting focus to factors fostering rule adherence.
Classical Social Control Theory by Hirschi
- Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory identifies four elements of social bonds that inhibit delinquent behavior: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
Life Course and Developmental Theories
- Examines how social bonds evolve throughout an individual's life.
- Acknowledges that personal trajectories can alter over time influenced by various stages of life.
Techniques of Neutralization Model (Sykes & Matza)
- Justifications used to mitigate responsibility for deviant behavior include rationalizations about coercion, victim blame, denial of harm, and adherence to conflicting norms.
General Strain Theory
- Robert Agnew proposed that strain leads individuals or groups to delinquency based on various societal pressures.
- Key sources of strain include economic difficulties, community issues, and discrimination affecting juveniles.
General Strain Theory and Race
- Black individuals experience heightened strain, including socio-economic challenges and systemic discrimination.
- Coping mechanisms in response to strain may diverge from conventional responses.
General Strain Theory & Gender
- Broidy and Agnew suggest that boys face different and often more intense strains compared to girls, potentially leading to variances in delinquent responses.
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Description
Explore the micro-level theories that explain individual delinquency. This quiz covers pre-Classical ideas, classical theories from thinkers like Hobbes, Beccaria, and Bentham, and looks at choice theories regarding punishment and decision-making. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in the study of deviance.
