MHS1102D: Respiratory System 1

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange between O2 and CO2 (correct)

Facilitating digestion

Regulating hormone levels

Maintaining bone density

Which component is NOT part of the respiratory system anatomy?

Esophagus (correct)

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

What role do the muscles of respiration play?

Stimulating appetite

Facilitating the movement of air in and out of the lungs (correct)

Filtering toxins from blood

Transporting nutrients across membranes

Which function of the respiratory system helps regulate blood pressure?

Synthesis of angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory system contribute to blood and lymph flow?

By creating pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Serves solely for airflow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is part of the upper respiratory tract?

Larynx Signup and view all the answers

What happens to incoming air at the alveoli?

Gas exchange occurs with the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the lower respiratory tract?

It includes the trachea and lungs Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Valsalva manoeuver play in bodily functions?

Facilitates urination, defecation, and childbirth Signup and view all the answers

What is the apex of the lungs?

The part that projects just above the clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the lung faces medially towards the heart?

Mediastinal surface Signup and view all the answers

What does the hilum of the lung refer to?

The area where the main bronchus and vessels enter and leave Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?

It aids in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the respiratory system is NOT part of the lungs anatomy?

Larynx Signup and view all the answers

The broad concave base of the lungs rests on which structure?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Where do the lungs lie within the human body?

Thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the arrangement of the bronchial tree?

It branches off into bronchioles and alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the diaphragm in respiration?

It enlarges the thoracic cavity and pulls air into the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are synergists to the diaphragm during respiration?

Internal and external intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What prevents fluid accumulation in the alveoli?

Lymphatic drainage in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during normal, quiet expiration?

Elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage allows passive airflow out. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily involved in forced expiration?

Rectus abdominis and internal intercostals Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the accessory muscles of respiration?

To assist in forced respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is not part of the main respiratory muscles?

Trapezius Signup and view all the answers

How does low capillary blood pressure contribute to respiratory function?

It prevents rupture of the respiratory membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for fixing or elevating the first two ribs during respiration?

Scalene muscles Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage during breathing?

Rib cage movement facilitated by intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nose?

To serve as a resonating chamber for voice Signup and view all the answers

Which epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage is primarily responsible for guarding the opening into the larynx?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

What role do the inferior vocal folds play?

Produce sound when air passes through them Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity?

Stratified squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nasal conchae?

To clean, warm, and moisten air Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pharynx contains the palatine tonsils?

Oropharynx Signup and view all the answers

What cartilage connects the larynx to the trachea?

Cricoid cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the nose is primarily responsible for detecting odors?

Olfactory epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the larynx is larger in males due to testosterone?

Thyroid cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pharynx is continuous with the esophagus?

Laryngopharynx Signup and view all the answers

What role do the superior (vestibular) folds play in the larynx?

Prevent food entry during swallowing Signup and view all the answers

What prevents debris from entering the nose?

Vibrissae Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

Hard palate Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of the Respiratory System

Gas Exchange: Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and air.
Communication: Facilitates speech and vocalizations.
Olfaction: Enables the sense of smell.
Acid-Base Balance: Helps regulate body fluid pH by eliminating CO2.
Blood Pressure Regulation: Participates in synthesizing angiotensin II.
Blood & Lymph Flow: Breathing creates pressure gradients that enhance lymphatic and blood flow.
Blood Filtration: Lungs filter small blood clots.
Abdominal Pressure Regulation: Breath-holding aids urination, defecation, and childbirth (Valsalva manoeuver).

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Principal Organs: Include nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, where air reaches alveoli for gas exchange.
Conducting Portion: Consists of passages solely for air transport (nostrils to bronchioles) without gas exchange.
Respiratory Portion: Includes alveoli and regions where gas exchange occurs.

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts

Upper Respiratory Tract: Extends from the nose to the larynx.
Lower Respiratory Tract: Comprises organs within the thorax, from the trachea to the lungs.

Anatomy of the Nose

Functions: Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors; amplifies voice.
Structure: Comprised of bone and hyaline cartilage; features vibrissae to filter debris.
Nasal Septum: Divides nasal cavity, formed by bone and cartilage.
Nasal Conchae: Enhances air contact with mucous membranes for cleaning, warming, and moistening.

Anatomy of the Pharynx

Muscular Funnel: Extends from nasal choanae to larynx, divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx: Located above the soft palate; receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsils.
Oropharynx: Space between soft palate and epiglottis, containing palatine tonsils.
Laryngopharynx: Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage, connecting to the esophagus.

Anatomy of the Larynx

Structure: Cartilaginous chamber with nine cartilages, acts as a guard for the airway.
Unpaired Cartilages: Include epiglottis (covers larynx during swallowing), thyroid (Adam’s apple), and cricoid (ring-like connection to trachea).
Paired Cartilages: Include arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.

Vocal Cords

Folds in Larynx: Two sets—superior (vestibular) folds close larynx during swallowing, inferior (vocal) folds produce sound when air passes through.

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Location: Within the thoracic cavity; apex above clavicle, base resting on diaphragm.
Surfaces: Costal surface in contact with ribcage; mediastinal surface faces the heart.
Hilum: Region for entry/exit of main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

Muscles of Respiration

Diaphragm: Primary muscle; contraction increases thoracic volume, facilitating air intake.
Intercostal Muscles: Internal and external intercostal muscles support diaphragm function and stabilize the thoracic cage.
Scalene Muscles: Assist in fixing or elevating the first two ribs during respiration.

Accessory Muscles of Respiration

Participate mainly in forced respiration, further expanding thoracic volume.
Include erector spinae, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, and scalene muscles.

Normal and Forced Expiration

Quiet Expiration: Passive; relies on lung elasticity, allowing thoracic cavity to recoil and push air out.
Forced Expiration: Involves abdominal muscles and internal intercostals, significantly increasing thoracic pressure to expel air.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of the respiratory system, focusing on its functions, anatomy, and the roles of different structures involved in respiration. By completing this quiz, you will reinforce your understanding of the respiratory system's components, including the lungs, pleura, and muscles of respiration.