MHCET 5-year LLB Constitutional Law Study Notes

Indian Constitution: Lengthiest written constitution in the world, adopted on November 26, 1949, and enforced on January 26, 1950
Basic Structure Doctrine: Constitutional amendments cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution
Fundamental Rights: Guaranteed to all citizens, including right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies
Directive Principles of State Policy: Guidelines for the government to achieve social and economic welfare, but not enforceable by law
Preamble: Enshrines the objectives of the Constitution, including sovereignty, socialism, democracy, and fraternity

Indian Penal Code (IPC): Comprehensive criminal code that defines crimes and prescribes punishments
General Exceptions: Defenses available to the accused, including mistake of fact, act of a child, insanity, intoxication, and consent
Criminal Liability: Principles of liability, including mens rea, actus reus, and strict liability
Offenses: Types of crimes, including murder, culpable homicide, hurt, wrongful restraint, and theft
Punishments: Types of punishments, including death penalty, imprisonment, and fine

Indian Contract Act, 1872: Law governing contracts, including formation, performance, and breach
Essential Elements of a Contract: Offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, free consent, and lawful object
Types of Contracts: Valid, void, voidable, and unenforceable contracts
Performance of Contract: Rights and duties of parties, including obligations and discharge
Breach of Contract: Remedies for breach, including damages, specific performance, and injunction

Law of Torts: Civil wrongs that cause harm to individuals or property
Essential Elements of Tort: Wrongful act, damages, and causation
Types of Torts: Intentional torts (e.g., assault, battery), negligent torts (e.g., negligence), and strict liability torts (e.g., product liability)
Defenses to Tort: Contributory negligence, voluntary assumption of risk, and sovereign immunity
Remedies for Tort: Damages, injunction, and specific relief

Legal History: Development of Indian legal system, including ancient, medieval, and modern periods
Legal Systems: Overview of common law, civil law, and Islamic law systems
Legal Institutions: Structure and functions of Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts
Legal Profession: Roles and responsibilities of lawyers, including advocates, solicitors, and barristers
Legal Ethics: Professional ethics and conduct of lawyers

Indian Constitution: Adopted on November 26, 1949, and enforced on January 26, 1950, is the lengthiest written constitution in the world
Basic Structure Doctrine: Ensures that Constitutional amendments cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution
Fundamental Rights: Guaranteed to all citizens, including:
- Right to equality
- Right to freedom
- Right against exploitation
- Right to freedom of religion
- Cultural and educational rights
- Right to constitutional remedies
Directive Principles of State Policy: Guidelines for the government to achieve social and economic welfare, but not enforceable by law
Preamble: Enshrines the objectives of the Constitution, including sovereignty, socialism, democracy, and fraternity

Indian Penal Code (IPC): Comprehensive criminal code that defines crimes and prescribes punishments
General Exceptions: Defenses available to the accused, including:
- Mistake of fact
- Act of a child
- Insanity
- Intoxication
- Consent
Criminal Liability: Principles of liability, including:
- Mens rea
- Actus reus
- Strict liability
Offenses: Types of crimes, including:
- Murder
- Culpable homicide
- Hurt
- Wrongful restraint
- Theft
Punishments: Types of punishments, including:
- Death penalty
- Imprisonment
- Fine

Indian Contract Act, 1872: Law governing contracts, including formation, performance, and breach
Essential Elements of a Contract: Includes:
- Offer
- Acceptance
- Consideration
- Capacity
- Free consent
- Lawful object
Types of Contracts: Including:
- Valid contracts
- Void contracts
- Voidable contracts
- Unenforceable contracts
Performance of Contract: Rights and duties of parties, including:
- Obligations
- Discharge
Breach of Contract: Remedies for breach, including:
- Damages
- Specific performance
- Injunction

Law of Torts: Civil wrongs that cause harm to individuals or property
Essential Elements of Tort: Including:
- Wrongful act
- Damages
- Causation
Types of Torts: Including:
- Intentional torts (e.g., assault, battery)
- Negligent torts (e.g., negligence)
- Strict liability torts (e.g., product liability)
Defenses to Tort: Including:
- Contributory negligence
- Voluntary assumption of risk
- Sovereign immunity
Remedies for Tort: Including:
- Damages
- Injunction
- Specific relief

Legal History: Development of Indian legal system, including:
- Ancient period
- Medieval period
- Modern period
Legal Systems: Overview of:
- Common law system
- Civil law system
- Islamic law system
Legal Institutions: Structure and functions of:
- Supreme Court
- High Courts
- Subordinate courts
Legal Profession: Roles and responsibilities of:
- Advocates
- Solicitors
- Barristers
Legal Ethics: Professional ethics and conduct of lawyers