17 Questions
What is required for the expression of MHC molecules on endothelial or epithelial cells?
Induction by IFN-γ
Which type of genes are encoded in the MHC class III locus?
Complement proteins and cytokines
What kind of genetic variability is exhibited by the MHC class I and II genes?
High genetic variability
How many allelic variants have been defined at some HLA loci?
Over 300 allelic variants
What did genetic mapping studies show about the MHC genes in different individuals?
High degree of polymorphism and different individuals express different MHC allelic variants
What type of structure was revealed for the MHC classes I and II proteins in 1987?
Cleft structure
What is the primary function of adjuvants in vaccine design?
To enhance the immunogenicity of the vaccine antigen
Which of the following statements about anti-drug antibodies is correct?
Anti-drug antibodies may inhibit the efficacy of a protein drug
What is the primary function of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules?
To bind peptide antigens and present them to T cells
How does the T-cell receptor (TCR) recognize antigens compared to antibodies?
The TCR recognizes peptide antigens presented by MHC molecules, while antibodies bind antigens directly
What is the significance of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in transplantation rejection?
MHC molecules were first discovered as a genetic locus encoding antigens responsible for the rejection of tumor grafts
Which of the following statements about T-cell receptors (TCRs) and MHC molecules is correct?
The TCR is specific for both the antigen and the MHC molecule presenting the antigen
Which of the following is NOT a key exception to MHC class I molecule expression?
Cells in the lymph nodes
Which of the following is a key function of the HLA-D locus-encoded molecules?
All of the above
Which of the following is a key difference between MHC class I and class II proteins?
MHC class II proteins have a restricted tissue distribution and are constitutively expressed on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, unlike class I proteins.
What is the primary role of the MHC in the immune system?
To encode proteins involved in the adaptive immune response
How do differences in the allelic forms of the HLA-D locus-encoded genes affect the immune response?
They confer differences in the ability of an individual to mount an immune response.
Study Notes
Protein Drug Design and Immunogenicity
- Methods to reduce immunogenicity are crucial in protein drug design due to individuals producing anti-drug antibodies, which can inhibit drug efficacy.
Antigen Recognition Molecules
- The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is responsible for T-cell antigen recognition and plays a significant role in controlling various immunologic functions.
MHC Molecules
- MHC molecules bind peptide antigens and present them to T cells.
- The T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes peptide antigens presented in the context of the MHC molecule on the antigen-presenting cell (APC).
- The TCR is specific for antigen, but the antigen must be presented on a self-MHC molecule.
MHC Genes and Polymorphism
- The MHC genes exhibit extraordinary genetic variability, with over 300 different allelic variants defined at some HLA loci.
- Each individual inherits a restricted set of alleles from their parents, known as a haplotype.
MHC Proteins Structure and Function
- The three-dimensional structure of MHC classes I and II proteins was revealed through x-ray crystallography in 1987.
- MHC class I protein structure resembles a cleft occupied by a peptide, demonstrating MHC restriction.
Human MHC Complex (HLA)
- The human MHC is located on chromosome 6 and is composed of classes I, II, and III MHC proteins.
- MHC class I proteins are encoded by the HLA-A, B, and C genes and are expressed on nearly all nucleated cells.
- MHC class II proteins are encoded by the HLA-D region and are constitutively expressed on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
Test your knowledge on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) restriction and the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex. Questions cover the genes encoding MHC class I proteins like HLA-A, B, and C, as well as the structure and functions of MHC proteins.
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