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Questions and Answers
What does the axial plane divide the body into?
Which plane divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves?
What is another term often used interchangeably with the axial plane?
What does the term 'midsagittal' refer to?
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Which directional term indicates a position toward the back of the body?
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What defines an oblique plane?
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Which of the following statements about the coronal plane is correct?
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Which body plane is typically used for cross-sectional imaging?
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What does the term 'pia mater' translate to in English?
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Which layer of the meninges is referred to as the 'leptomeninges'?
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What is the role of the cerebellomedullary cistern?
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Where is the pontine cistern located?
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What is contained within the cistern of the lateral sulcus?
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Which cistern contains the circle of Willis?
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What is the function of the subarachnoid cisterns?
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What is the clinical procedure called to sample cerebrospinal fluid from the cerebellomedullary cistern?
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What is the primary function of the precentral gyrus?
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Which structure separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?
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What is the composition of the diencephalon?
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What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?
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What role does the hypothalamus play in relation to the pituitary gland?
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Which part of the brain stem is situated between the diencephalon and pons?
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Which area contains the infundibulum, optic chiasm, and mammillary bodies?
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What type of matter is primarily found in the cerebral cortex?
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What is the primary function of the choroid plexus?
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Which structure is located between the splenium of the corpus callosum and the superior aspect of the cerebellum?
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How do the two lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle?
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What does the presence of blood in cerebrospinal fluid typically indicate?
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What are the foramina of Luschka?
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Which gland is known to often appear calcified in anatomical imaging?
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Which component of the brain is primarily responsible for processing sensory information?
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What is the primary duct through which the sublingual glands open into the oral cavity?
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What is the primary fluid contained within the ventricles of the brain?
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Which part of the pharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavity?
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What type of tissue can be found in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
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Which anatomical structure marks the boundary between the laryngopharynx and the esophagus?
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Which portion of the pharynx contains the palatine tonsils?
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What fills the retropharyngeal space?
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How long is the pharynx approximately?
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What is the primary function of the retropharyngeal space?
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Study Notes
Body Planes and Directional Terminology
- The body is divided into axial, coronal, oblique/orthogonal, sagittal, and transverse planes for imaging.
- Axial plane (transverse plane): Divides the body into cranial (superior) and caudal (inferior) portions. CT images are initially acquired in this plane.
- Coronal plane: Separates the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions; midcoronal plane divides into equal halves. Sometimes referred to as axillary or midaxillary plane.
- Sagittal plane: Divides the body into right and left halves; midsagittal divides into equal halves.
- Oblique planes (orthogonal planes): Run at a slant through the body.
- Directional terminology includes anterior (front), posterior (back), and caudal (inferior, away from head).
Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Pia mater: Innermost, thin, vascular meningeal layer; adheres closely to the brain; forms leptomeninges with arachnoid.
- Arachnoid: Middle meningeal layer; creates subarachnoid cisterns containing CSF. Forms bridge-like structures over gyri, creating spaces with CSF.
- Subarachnoid cisterns: Spaces between arachnoid and pia mater containing large amounts of CSF.
- Cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna): Located between medulla oblongata and cerebellum; receives CSF from foramen of Magendie; site of cisternal puncture.
- Pontine cistern: Anterior to pons; contains basilar artery; receives CSF from foramen of Luschka.
- Cistern of the lateral sulcus: Between frontal and temporal lobes; contains middle cerebral artery.
- Interpeduncular cistern: Contains circle of Willis; between temporal lobes.
- Chiasmatic cistern: Continuation of interpeduncular cistern; associated with optic chiasm.
- Cisterna ambiens: Contains great cerebral vein and pineal gland; also known as cistern of great cerebral vein, superior cistern, or quadrigeminal cistern.
- Pineal gland: Often calcified in adults; visible on radiographs and CT/MRI images.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Produced by choroid plexus; composed of water, glucose, NaCl, and protein; changes in concentration indicate disease.
- Choroid plexus: Vascular structure in ventricles producing CSF.
- Ventricles: Two lateral ventricles (separated by septum pellucidum) drain into third ventricle (foramen of Monro), then fourth ventricle (cerebral aqueduct). CSF flows into brain and spinal cord via foramina of Luschka and foramen of Magendie.
Brain Regions
- Cerebrum: Largest brain region; precentral gyrus (motor area) and postcentral gyrus (sensory area) are visible on CT/MRI; parieto-occipital sulcus separates parietal and occipital lobes.
- Cerebral cortex: Surface of cerebrum (1.5-5 mm thick); composed of gray matter; white matter lies beneath; basal ganglia are interspersed throughout white matter.
- Diencephalon: Central; surrounds third ventricle; includes epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
- Thalamus: Largest part of diencephalon; lateral walls of third ventricle; major sensory relay station.
- Epithalamus: Superior to third ventricle; forms roof; pineal gland projects from it.
- Hypothalamus: Forms floor of third ventricle; includes infundibulum, optic chiasm, and mammillary bodies (involved in swallowing).
- Pituitary gland: "Master gland"; regulates other glands; connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum.
- Brainstem: Below cerebrum; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
- Midbrain: Smallest region; between diencephalon and pons; surrounds cerebral aqueduct; includes quadrigeminal plate and cerebral peduncles.
Oral Cavity and Pharynx
- Sublingual glands: Located under tongue, open into oral cavity via Bartholin and Rivinus ducts; may open into Wharton duct.
- Pharynx: Extends from base of skull to C6 vertebra; 12 cm long; mucous membrane and constrictor muscles; divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- Nasopharynx: Posterior to nasal cavity; communicates with nasal cavity via choanae; eustachian tubes open into it; contains pharyngeal tonsil.
- Oropharynx: Posterior to mouth; extends from soft palate to epiglottis; lateral walls contain palatine tonsils; anterior walls contain lingual tonsils.
- Laryngopharynx: Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage (C6); walls form piriform recesses.
- Retropharyngeal space: Between cervical vertebrae and pharynx; filled with loose connective tissue; allows movement for swallowing; opens into thoracic cavity inferiorly.
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