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Questions and Answers

What is commonly affected in Osgood-Schlatter’s disease?

  • Calcaneus
  • Inferior pole of the patella
  • Tibial tuberosity (correct)
  • Shoulder joint

What condition is associated with the inferior pole of the patella?

  • Osgood-Schlatter’s disease
  • Sever’s disease
  • Rotator cuff injury
  • Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease (correct)

Which of the following is a common management strategy for chronic apophysitis?

  • Injections
  • Surgery
  • Physical therapy only
  • NSAIDs (correct)

What is a significant risk factor for young athletes with shoulder dislocations?

<p>Continued participation in contact sports (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnosis method can be used to assess chronic apophysitis?

<p>MRI and plain radiographs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment strategy for young athletes with traumatic shoulder dislocations?

<p>Stabilisation surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is marked by inflammation due to repeated microtrauma?

<p>Chronic apophysitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of trading range of motion for increased stability in young athletes?

<p>Limitations in joint movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes apophyseal injuries?

<p>They commonly result from sudden, forceful contractions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first imaging technique used to investigate apophyseal avulsions?

<p>Plain radiographs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is surgery indicated for apophyseal avulsions?

<p>When the displacement exceeds 3 cm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the treatment of apophyseal avulsions is true?

<p>Rest and protected weight bearing are essential components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT typically a sign of an acute apophyseal avulsion?

<p>A soft tissue bump. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle contraction is associated with an avulsion of the iliopsoas?

<p>Iliopsoas contraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common initial symptom of an acute apophyseal avulsion?

<p>Sudden snapping or popping sensation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional treatment is recommended after rest for apophyseal avulsions?

<p>Early range of motion exercises and stretching. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily contributes to lateral epicondylitis?

<p>Extensor carpi radialis brevis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is most likely to lead to lateral epicondylitis?

<p>Wrist extension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the stability of the glenohumeral joint?

<p>Soft tissues such as tendons and muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles originates from the lateral epicondyle?

<p>Extensor carpi ulnaris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common condition affecting the medial side of the elbow associated with golf?

<p>Golfer's elbow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glenoid labrum?

<p>To deepen the shallow bowl of the glenoid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which direction is the most common for shoulder dislocation?

<p>Anterior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with lateral epicondylitis?

<p>Numbness in the little finger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes an acute anterior shoulder dislocation?

<p>Squared off appearance of the shoulder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity is a common cause of lateral epicondylitis in athletes?

<p>Tennis backhand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is located deep to the extensor digiti minimi?

<p>Supinator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a rare type of shoulder dislocation?

<p>Luxatio erecta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is categorized as a repetitive overuse injury?

<p>Lateral epicondylitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can injury to the axillary nerve be assessed following a dislocation?

<p>By testing sensation over the lateral shoulder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What imaging technique is primarily used to investigate acute shoulder dislocations?

<p>Plain radiographs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism can lead to a posterior dislocation of the shoulder?

<p>Extreme muscle contractions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for diagnosing epicondylitis?

<p>Physical exam and history (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How effective is conservative management for epicondylitis?

<p>90% success rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What detail about plain radiographs in the investigation of epicondylitis is true?

<p>They may show calcification of the tendons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a first-line conservative management option for epicondylitis?

<p>Rest and activity modification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method for epicondylitis is highly operator-dependent?

<p>Ultrasound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment may produce side effects when used for epicondylitis?

<p>Corticosteroids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of first-line conservative management for epicondylitis?

<p>Open surgical debridement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment method is cited for having good to excellent outcomes but is often used after conservative treatment fails?

<p>Open debridement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of injury is classified as a sprain?

<p>Injury to ligaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is NOT commonly associated with sprains and strains?

<p>Shoulder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common treatment is recommended for sprains and strains?

<p>Rest and ice application (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chronic result of repeated ankle ligament injuries?

<p>Chronic instability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In high impact sports, which type of knee injury is most commonly associated?

<p>Meniscal injuries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between ACL tears and meniscal tears?

<p>They often occur together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a strain typically refer to in terms of injury?

<p>Tears in muscle fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a knee dislocation?

<p>Multi-ligamentous knee injuries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Apophyseal Injury

Damage to the apophysis, a secondary ossification center where tendons attach to bone.

Apophysis

Secondary ossification center; site of tendon attachment.

Acute Avulsion

Sudden, forceful tendon pull causing bone fragment separation.

Diagnosis of Avulsion

Using radiographs (X-rays) and MRI scans to find the avulsion.

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Conservative Treatment

Rest, protected weight bearing, early motion and stretching for avulsions.

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Surgical Treatment

Rarely needed for avulsions with large displacements.

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Radiograph/MRI

Medical imaging techniques to diagnose apophyseal injuries.

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Symptoms of Avulsion

Often include a "snap" or "pop" sound followed by pain.

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Chronic Apophysitis

Repeated microtrauma to an apophysis causing local inflammation or fragmentation.

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Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Chronic apophysitis affecting the tibial tuberosity.

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Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease

Chronic apophysitis involving the inferior pole of the patella.

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Sever's Disease

Chronic apophysitis affecting the calcaneus (heel bone).

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Shoulder Dislocation (Sports)

A common injury in contact sports, leading to potential long-term instability.

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Repeat Dislocations (Young Athletes)

High chance of repeat shoulder dislocations among young contact sport athletes.

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Shoulder Stabilisation Surgery

Surgery to increase shoulder stability in young athletes, often at the expense of range of motion.

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Diagnosis Methods Sport Injuries

Physical exam (local tenderness, resisted muscle contraction) with radiographs and MRI.

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Glenoid

A shallow bowl-shaped socket in the shoulder bone (scapula).

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Glenohumeral Joint Stability

Dependent primarily on soft tissues, not the bones themselves.

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Anterior Shoulder Dislocation

Common shoulder dislocation where the upper arm bone (humerus) moves forward out of the socket.

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Shoulder Dislocation Directions

Anterior (most common), posterior (rare), and luxatio erecta (rare).

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Rotator Cuff

Group of muscles and tendons in the shoulder that help stabilize and move the arm.

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Glenoid Labrum

Tough ring of cartilage around the glenoid, deepens the shallow glenoid.

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Radiograph Diagnosis

Using X-rays to diagnose anterior shoulder dislocations.

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Acute Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Symptoms

Squared-off appearance of shoulder, arm in adduction (close to body) and internal rotation.

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Lateral Epicondylitis

Overuse injury of the common extensor tendon at the lateral epicondyle of the elbow, often caused by repetitive wrist extension or gripping.

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Common Extensor Tendon

Group of tendons that extend the wrist and fingers, originating from near the lateral epicondyle.

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Lateral Epicondyle

Bony projection on the lateral side of the elbow.

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Tennis Elbow

Another name for lateral epicondylitis, a common condition affecting the wrist and elbow extensor muscles.

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Wrist Extension

Movement of the wrist that bends the hand upward.

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Repetitive Microtrauma

Small, repeated injuries that accumulate over time, gradually causing inflammation or damage.

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Pain Location (Lateral Epicondylitis)

Pain typically felt at the bony prominence on the outside of the elbow, the lateral epicondyle.

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ECRB (Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis)

Muscle that extends and radially deviates the wrist and is a frequent source of pain in lateral epicondylitis.

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Epicondylitis Diagnosis

Primarily relies on history, physical exam, and sometimes radiographs, ultrasound, or MRI.

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Epicondylitis Treatment

Conservative initial approach focusing on rest, ice, stretching, and NSAIDs.

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Conservative Treatment

Non-surgical approach used as the first-line treatment, often yielding a high-success rate.

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Ultrasound in Epicondylitis

A dynamic imaging technique frequently used to assess affected tendons; highly accurate in experienced hands.

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MRI for Epicondylitis

Helps evaluate other potential pathologies, such as ligament tears.

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Radiographs in Epicondylitis

Usually normal, but may show calcification.

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Ulnar Nerve Involvement

Potential paraesthesia (tingling) in ring and small fingers might indicate ulnar neuritis.

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90% Success Rate

Conservative treatment for epicondylitis achieves success in the majority of patients.

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Sprains

Injuries to ligaments caused by stretching beyond their limit, potentially leading to tearing.

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Strains

Injuries to muscle fibers or tendons due to over-stretching or overuse, resulting in tears.

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Common Sport Injury Locations

Groin (hip adductors), Hamstrings, and Ankles are frequent sites of sprains and strains.

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Soft-tissue knee injuries

Common in high-impact sports, involving injuries to ligaments and menisci.

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Meniscal Injuries

Injuries to the cartilage in the knee that cushion the joint.

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ACL Tear

A tear of the anterior cruciate ligament in the knee, often associated with other injuries.

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Combined Injuries (Knee)

Two or more knee injuries occurring simultaneously, such as ACL tear and meniscal tear.

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Knee Dislocation

Potentially catastrophic knee injury involving multiple ligament tears, resulting in the displacement of the knee joint.

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Study Notes

Common Sports Injuries

  • Injuries are broadly categorized as acute traumatic or chronic overuse.
  • Acute traumatic injuries include: bruising, cuts, abrasions, head injuries, cartilage/meniscal injuries, muscle/tendon/ligament injuries, dislocations, and fractures.
  • Chronic overuse injuries include: tendonitis, stress fractures, and back pain.
  • Instability is another chronic injury not directly related to overuse, but often related to injury, and common in the shoulder and patella.

Preventing Sports Injuries

  • Proper conditioning is essential to prevent injuries.
  • Correct technique is key for safety in most sports.
  • Appropriate equipment is crucial, and properly maintained.
  • Anatomy plays a role in the predisposition to injury, requiring careful training.
  • Avoiding overstressing the body, and respecting rest periods are important.
  • A gradual build-up in training intensity and frequency, along with warm-up and warm-down exercises, are essential.

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