Untitled Quiz

Learner's Material

• This is a science learner's material, for Grade 9.
• It is part of Quarter 2.
• It's published by DepEd CALABARZON, Curriculum and Learning Management Division.

Copyright Information

• Republic Act 8293, section 176, states that no copyright shall subsist in any work produced by the Government.
• Prior approval from the government agency is needed for profitable exploitation of work.
• Borrowed materials in the book, such as stories, poems, pictures, photos, and brand names, belong to their respective copyright holders.
• The publisher and authors do not assert ownership over them.
• The material was revised according to DepEd Regional Office 4A and CLMD standards.

Credits

• Job S. Zape, Jr., PIVOT 4A Instructional Design & Development Lead
• Owen Agustin Peña, Content Creator & Writer
• Jhonathan S. Cadavido, Internal Reviewer & Editor
• Lhovie A. Cauilan & Jael Faith T. Ledesma, Layout Artist & Illustrator
• Jhucel A. del Rosario & Melanie Mae N. Moreno, Graphic Artist & Cover Designer
• Ephraim L. Gibas, IT & Logistics
• Crist John Pastor, External Reviewer & Language Editor
• Regional Director: Wilfredo E. Cabral
• Assistant Regional Director: Ruth L. Fuentes

Using the Module

• For Parents/Guardians: Help learners understand the materials and activities in the new normal learning setup.
• For Learners: Answer all activities on separate sheets. Use the PIVOT Assessment Card appropriately and submit outputs to your teacher.

Parts of the PIVOT 4A Learner's Material

• Introduction: Presents the MELCs and learning objectives.
• Development: Activities and tasks for building knowledge.
• Engagement: Tasks and opportunities to connect concepts.
• Assimilation: Activities for demonstrating learning and relating knowledge.

The Quantum Mechanical Model

• Quantum mechanics emerged in the early 20th century.
• Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist who contributed to the field.
• Bohr was interested in the discreet and line spectrum emitted by different elements and the structure of the atom.
• Bohr proposed a planetary model of the atom.
• Electrons revolve around the positively charged nucleus.
• Electrons can jump between orbits by absorbing or emitting photons of light.

Quantum Numbers and Orbitals

• The first quantum number (n) defines the size and energy of an orbital's relationship to nucleus.
• The second quantum number (l) describes the shape of the orbital (s, p, d, or f).
• The third quantum number (ml) describes the orientation of the orbital in space.
• The fourth quantum number (ms) gives direction of electron spin (either +½ or -½).

Electron Configuration

• The arrangements of electrons in an atom, governed by the Aufbau (building-up) principle and Pauli exclusion principle.
• Aufbau principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy levels first.
• Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons can have an identical set of four quantum numbers.
• Electron configurations show the arrangement of electrons in subshells and orbitals, using notations like 1s2 2s2 2p5 .

Chemical Bonding

• Forces that hold groups of atoms together, creating molecules and compounds.
• Ionic Bonding: Atoms transfer electrons.
• Covalent Bonding: Atoms share electrons.
• Types of bonds include: ionic, covalent, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent.
• Properties of compounds (e.g., melting/boiling points, conductivity) vary with bonding type.

Formation of Ions

• An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of electrons.
• Cations are positively charged ions when losing electrons.
• Anions are negatively charged ions when gaining electrons.
• Electron configuration is relevant in determining the ion charge.

General Classes of Organic Compounds

• Most organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
• Main organic compound classes include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Their functions and structures are also included in the text.

The Mole

• The mole is a fundamental unit used to quantify the number of atoms or molecules in a substance.
• Avogadro's number (approximately 6.022 x 1023) is the number of entities in one mole.
• Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance in grams.