Mexican Revolution and Díaz's Rule (1884-1940)

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Questions and Answers

What was a primary method used by Porfirio Díaz to maintain his grip on power during his rule?

  • Promoting military transparency
  • Encouraging widespread democratic reforms
  • Advocating for workers' rights
  • Political repression and manipulation of elections (correct)

Which group was known for its support of Díaz and focused on scientific and economic modernization?

  • Revolucionarios
  • Liberales
  • Zapatistas
  • Cientificos (correct)

What does the phrase 'Pan o palo' symbolize in the context of Díaz's rule?

  • Rewarding allies and punishing opponents (correct)
  • Political collaboration with the United States
  • Justice for all social classes
  • Support for rural education

What was the slogan of the Porfirato, encapsulating Díaz's governance philosophy?

<p>Order and Progress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long did Porfirio Díaz rule Mexico, in total?

<p>Approximately 35 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of the Mexican Revolution on the nation's identity?

<p>It incorporated Indian heritage into national identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the socio-economic makeup of revolutionary leadership during the Mexican Revolution?

<p>Varied aims and diverse backgrounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what capacity did the United States engage with Díaz's regime?

<p>By investing in Mexican industries like mining and oil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the hacienda system generated resentment among the Mexican people?

<p>It caused exploitation and loss of Indigenous lands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic issue contributed significantly to the discontent that led to the Mexican Revolution?

<p>Economic inequality benefiting a small elite and foreign investors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key method used by Díaz to maintain power in Mexico?

<p>Manipulating elections and appointing loyal governors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the central aim of Madero's Plan of San Luis Potosí?

<p>To establish democracy and free elections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the consequences of the Ten Tragic Days?

<p>Madero was betrayed and assassinated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Villa's primary goals during the Mexican Revolution?

<p>Land reform and economic justice for the poor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Villa's efforts during the Revolution regarding land redistribution?

<p>He faced significant opposition and reforms were limited. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who played a pivotal role in the coup against Madero during the Ten Tragic Days?

<p>Victoriano Huerta. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Porfirio Diaz's Rule

A period (approximately 1884–1911) of authoritarian control in Mexico, characterized by economic modernization and political repression.

Casta System

Colonial-era social hierarchy in Mexico, classifying people by race and heritage, with Spaniards at the top.

Porfiriato

The period of Porfirio Diaz's rule.

Guardias Rurales

Rural police forces used by Díaz to suppress lawlessness and maintain order.

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Pan o Palo

Diaz's policy of rewarding allies and punishing opponents.

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Cientificos

Intellectual advisors supporting Díaz's rule, emphasizing scientific modernization.

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Order and Progress

Slogan of the Porfiriato, emphasizing political stability & economic growth

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US Cooperation with Diaz

The US invested heavily in Mexican industries under Diaz, benefiting from favorable business conditions.

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Hacienda System

A large estate system in Mexico where landowners controlled vast amounts of land and Indigenous and mestizo peasants worked under poor conditions.

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Mexican Revolution Causes (Social)

Exploitation of Indigenous and mestizo peasants by landowners (hacienda system), leading to resentment and social inequality.

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Mexican Revolution Causes (Economic)

Economic inequality, foreign ownership of resources, and poor working conditions fuelled discontent in Mexico.

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Diaz's Power Concentration

Diaz's manipulation of elections, appointments, and elimination of opposition to establish a centralized and authoritarian regime.

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Plan of San Luis Potosí

Madero's call for rebellion against Díaz, marking the symbolic start of the Mexican Revolution in 1910.

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Madero's Goals

Political reform, democracy, and free elections to end Diaz's dictatorship.

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Ten Tragic Days

A violent coup in February 1913 where Madero was betrayed, leading to his assassination, and the rise of General Victoriano Huerta.

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Villa's Goals

Land reform, economic justice, challenging the elite, redistribution of wealth, and opportunities for the poor.

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Villa's Accomplishments

Villa redistributed some land but faced opposition from the government.

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Study Notes

Mexican Revolution (1884-1940)

  • Revolution in a country with lengthy stability and massive social inequality
  • Revolutionary leadership diverse with varied aims
  • Revolution prolonged and costly
  • 1917 Constitution highly progressive, influential on country and region
  • Revolution impacted notably on arts, aiming to overcome racial divides and incorporate Indian heritage into national identity

Porfirio Díaz's Rule (1884-1911)

  • Ruled Mexico for about 35 years
  • Maintained power via repression, election manipulation, military force, and economic control
  • Used Guardias rurales (rural police) to maintain order and loyalty in rural areas
  • Pan o palo (bread or stick): policy of rewarding allies and punishing opponents
  • Cientificos: intellectuals supporting modernization (favouring foreign investment over social welfare)
  • Porfiriato: period of Díaz's rule, authoritarian, modernizing, and repressive. Slogan: "Order and Progress."
  • U.S. invested heavily in Mexican industries (mining, railroads, oil), benefiting from Diaz's policies

Causes of the Mexican Revolution

  • Social: Hacienda system (large estates) exploited Indigenous and mestizo peasants, causing resentment and land loss
  • Economic: Economic inequality, foreign ownership, and poor working conditions fueled discontent. Wealth benefitted a small elite and foreigners, leaving most Mexicans impoverished.
  • Political: Díaz concentrated power through election manipulation, loyal governors, opposition elimination, centralized authoritarianism

Mexican Revolution Leaders (1910-1917)

  • Francisco Madero:

    • Started revolution with the Plan of San Luis Potosí (Nov. 20, 1910)
    • Goals: political reform, democracy, and free elections/end of dictatorship
    • Partially achieved goals; ousted Diaz, but reforms incomplete
    • The Ten Tragic Days (La Decena Trágica) in Feb 1913 saw Madero betrayed, assassinated by military leaders
    • Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson plotting against Madero

  • Pancho Villa:

    • Goals: land reform, economic justice, challenge elite power. Redistribution of wealth/opportunities for the poor
    • Some land redistributed but faced government opposition
    • Goals not fully realized due to internal conflicts and changing politics

  • Emiliano Zapata:

    • Sought land reform, defending the rights of peasants

  • Venustiano Carranza:

    • Initially supported Madero but later opposed Villa and Zapata, seeking to establish a stable government.

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