WEEK 12 TEST PREP

Mexico

• Cry of Dolores: Miguel Hidalgo's 1810 call for independence, marking the start of Mexico's 11-year struggle.
• Mexican Revolution: A conflict transforming Mexico's political and social landscape that began on November 20, 1910.
• Influential Leaders: Included Madero, Villa, and Zapata during the revolution.
• Constitution of 1917: Established labor rights and land reforms.
• Cinco de Mayo: Commemorates the Mexican victory over French forces in 1862.
• Mexican Independence Day: Celebrated on September 16th annually.
• Day of the Dead: A celebration honoring deceased loved ones, held on November 1-2.
• Ofrendas: Altars created to honor the deceased with offerings.
• Cempasúchil: Marigolds used to guide spirits back to the living.
• Catrinas: Stylish skeleton figures representing life and death.
• Pan de Muerto: Sweet bread symbolizing the body and soul.
• Mole: Rich sauce made with spices and chocolate.
• Pozole: Hearty stew made with hominy and meat.
• Tamales: Steamed corn parcels filled with various ingredients.

Central America

• Spanish Colonial Rule: Established in the 16th-17th centuries.
• Spanish Conquest: Began in the 1520s with Hernán Cortés.
• Pedro de Alvarado: Led the Spanish conquest of Guatemala in 1524.
• Independence Movements: Central America declared independence from Spain in 1821.
• United Provinces of Central America: Formed from 1823-1838, later dissolved into nations.
• Central American Art: Known for vibrant colors and geometric patterns.
• Central American Cuisine: Reflects a colonial past, incorporating corn, beans, and seafood.
• Central American Music: Includes traditional marimba and contemporary salsa.

South America

• Indigenous Heritage: Home to diverse indigenous peoples with unique traditions.
• Indigenous Beliefs: Rich spiritual heritage among indigenous peoples.
• European Colonization: Significantly impacted South America's culture and society.
• Spanish Influence: Combination of Catholic traditions with indigenous beliefs.
• Portuguese Influence: Established a large colony in Brazil, influencing culture.
• Cultural Exchange: Blending of indigenous and European cultures.
• Cultural Mosaic: Diverse geography influences various ethnic traditions.
• Catholicism: Dominant religion shaping South American culture.
• Amazon Rainforest: Home to vast biodiversity and unique ecosystems.
• Biodiversity: Region's rich variety of plant and animal life.
• Pantanal: Vast wetland known for diverse wildlife.
• Brazilian Independence: Gained independence from Portugal in 1822.
• Brazilian Republic: Established in 1889 after a revolution.
• Brazilian Art: Known for vibrant colors and energetic expressions.
• Brazilian Beaches: Stunning coastlines extending from Rio de Janeiro to Salvador.
• Brazilian Literature: Explores history and culture through notable authors.
• Brazilian Music: Includes samba, bossa nova, and forró genres.
• Soccer: Most popular sport in South America, uniting people.

Additional Points

• Pre-Hispanic Roots: Origins of many cultural practices trace back to ancient Aztec cultures.
• African Roots: Enriched culture through music, dance, and cuisine.
• Syncretism: Blend of Catholic and indigenous beliefs in spirituality.
• Modern Challenges: Nations strive for democracy and economic development.
• Resistance and Rebellions: Occurred in the 18th century against Spanish colonialism.
• Community Involvement: Events preserving traditions for younger generations.