Mexican-American War Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was one of President Polk's main goals regarding Mexico?

  • To establish diplomatic relations with Canada
  • To negotiate peace treaties with Europe
  • To expand the nation to the Pacific Ocean (correct)
  • To encourage immigration from Mexico

    • The Mexican government agreed to sell California to the United States.

    False (B)

    Who was the general that led the American forces to victory at Buena Vista?

    Zachary Taylor

    The region proclaimed as an independent republic by John C. Frémont was known as the _____.

    <p>Bear Flag Republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which river did Polk and Slidell claim as the southern border of Texas?

    <p>Rio Grande (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    John Slidell was sent as a special envoy to _____ City.

    <p>Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following generals with their contributions during the Mexican-American War:

    <p>Stephen Kearney = Took New Mexico and southern California Zachary Taylor = Won the Battle of Buena Vista Winfield Scott = Captured Mexico City John C. Frémont = Proclaimed the Bear Flag Republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Northern Whigs fully supported President Polk's decision to go to war with Mexico.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Republicans call the Dred Scott decision?

    <p>The greatest crime in the annals of the republic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abraham Lincoln was an abolitionist.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who challenged Stephen Douglas for the U.S. Senate seat in 1858?

    <p>Abraham Lincoln</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stephen Douglas is often referred to as the _____ Giant.

    <p>Little</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the political figures with their parties in the 1860 election:

    <p>Abraham Lincoln = Republican Party Stephen Douglas = Northern Democratic Party John C. Breckinridge = Southern Democratic Party John Bell = Constitutional Union Party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main issue that divided the Democratic Party in 1860?

    <p>Slavery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lincoln won the majority of the popular vote in the 1860 election.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What doctrine did Douglas propose during the debates that upset Southern Democrats?

    <p>Freeport Doctrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Constitutional Union Party aimed to preserve the _____ during the 1860 election.

    <p>Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the candidates with their electoral platforms:

    <p>Lincoln = Exclusion of slavery from territories Breckinridge = Extension of slavery to the territories Douglas = Popular sovereignty Bell = Enforcement of laws and Constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which event did Lincoln deliver his famous 'house-divided' speech?

    <p>Republican nomination acceptance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lincoln's election results indicated strong support from Southern states.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary concern of Southerners regarding Lincoln's election?

    <p>That the North would dominate the federal government and threaten slavery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state was the first to secede from the Union in December 1860?

    <p>South Carolina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Confederacy had a larger population than the Union.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was elected president of the Confederate States of America?

    <p>Jefferson Davis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Civil War resulted in the deaths of approximately _____ people.

    <p>750,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following states to their role in secession:

    <p>South Carolina = First to secede Texas = Last to secede Georgia = Division over secession Mississippi = Joined quickly in secession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary economic advantage of the Union in the Civil War?

    <p>Manufacturing capabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Confederate constitution was nearly identical to the U.S. Constitution.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Confederacy during the Civil War?

    <p>Independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Union's strategy to win the war was known as the _____ Plan.

    <p>Anaconda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one reason for the Confederacy's economic struggles?

    <p>High inflation from excessive paper money (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Union army worked with a smaller troop count than the Confederate army initially.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many African Americans served in the Union army during the Civil War?

    <p>180,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Confederate government was hampered by _____ rights during the war.

    <p>states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leaders to their roles:

    <p>Jefferson Davis = President of the Confederacy Abraham Lincoln = President of the Union Alexander Stephens = Vice President of the Confederacy Winfield Scott = Union General-in-Chief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of the Free-Soil Party?

    <p>Prevent the extension of slavery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gadsden Purchase was made in 1853 for $5 million.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the idea of popular sovereignty?

    <p>Lewis Cass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gadsden Purchase forms parts of present-day ________ and ________.

    <p>New Mexico, Arizona</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their positions on slavery expansion:

    <p>Henry Clay = Proposed a compromise to resolve sectional conflicts Daniel Webster = Argued for compromise to save the Union John C. Calhoun = Opposed compromise and supported Southern rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which territory was excluded from slavery according to the Wilmot Proviso?

    <p>California (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gold Rush of 1849 increased the need for law and order in California.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main compromise proposed by Henry Clay in 1850?

    <p>Admit California as a free state and allow popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

    <p>The United States acquired California and New Mexico. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Wilmot Proviso aimed to allow slavery in all territories acquired from Mexico.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Free-Soil Party used the slogan ‘_____ soil, free labor, and free men.’

    <p>free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

    <p>Nicholas Trist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event created a significant increase in the population of California in 1849?

    <p>The California Gold Rush (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mexican government recognized the __________ as the southern border of Texas.

    <p>Rio Grande</p> Signup and view all the answers

    President Taylor opposed the immediate admission of California as a free state.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reaction of some Southerners to the admission of California as a free state?

    <p>They threatened secession.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their actions or events:

    <p>David Wilmot = Proposed the Wilmot Proviso Franklin Pierce = Adopted pro-Southern policies William Walker = Attempted to take Nicaragua Nicholas Trist = Negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Southern Democrats desire in relation to the treaty?

    <p>All of Mexico to be acquired by the U.S. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ included both Northern Democrats and Whigs who supported the Wilmot Proviso.

    <p>Free-Soil Party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the political stance of Zachary Taylor during the 1848 election?

    <p>Neutral on the issue of slavery in new territories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty aimed to establish a monopoly on canal construction in Central America.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the aim of the Ostend Manifesto?

    <p>To purchase Cuba from Spain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United States paid __________ for the territories acquired through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

    <p>15 million dollars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events or concepts with their significance:

    <p>Wilmot Proviso = Struggle over slavery in new territories Manifest Destiny = Belief in U.S. territorial expansion Ostend Manifesto = Attempt to acquire Cuba Clayton-Bulwer Treaty = Prevented exclusive canal control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a reason for Northern opposition to the war with Mexico?

    <p>Concern about expansion of slavery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most Americans at the time were entirely against the expansion of slavery.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did William Walker attempt in Central America?

    <p>He attempted to establish a proslavery empire in Nicaragua.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many Southerners were dissatisfied with the __________ gains from the Mexican War.

    <p>territorial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred on July 4, 1863, regarding Vicksburg?

    <p>The Confederacy's 29,000 soldiers surrendered. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    General Lee successfully captured a major Northern city during the Gettysburg campaign.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was appointed as the commander of all Union armies in early 1864?

    <p>Ulysses S. Grant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sherman's March was primarily aimed at destroying the South's ________ to fight.

    <p>will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their significance:

    <p>Siege of Vicksburg = Control of the Mississippi River Battle of Gettysburg = Turning point in the Eastern campaign Sherman's March to the Sea = Total warfare strategy Surrender at Appomattox = End of the Civil War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main strategy employed by Grant in the Civil War?

    <p>War of attrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main aim of the Republican Party when it was founded?

    <p>To oppose the expansion of slavery in the territories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Union blockade was ineffective in restricting Confederate resources.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Know-Nothing Party gained strength after the civil unrest in Kansas regarding slavery.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was beaten with a cane in the Senate in 1856?

    <p>Charles Sumner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the battle fought at Gettysburg?

    <p>The Union army defeated the Confederate army.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ Constitution was a proslavery document submitted to Congress during Buchanan's presidency.

    <p>Lecompton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the fall of Richmond, Lee's army retreated to ________.

    <p>Appomattox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following generals with their actions:

    <p>Ulysses S. Grant = Commander of Union armies Robert E. Lee = Leader of the Confederate army William Tecumseh Sherman = Conducted a campaign of total war George Pickett = Led a famous charge at Gettysburg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their roles:

    <p>Charles Sumner = Massachusetts Senator attacked in the Senate Preston Brooks = Defended his uncle's honor through violence John C. Frémont = Republican nominee in the Election of 1856 Dred Scott = An enslaved man who sued for his freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which party's platform in 1856 included the call for free homesteads?

    <p>Republican Party (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marked the start of significant military actions against slavery?

    <p>Confiscation Acts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lincoln's administration had clear and consistent policies on slavery from the beginning.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford stated that African Americans could be U.S. citizens.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurred as a result of the Dred Scott v. Sandford case?

    <p>The ruling infuriated many Northerners and delighted Southern Democrats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did Lincoln take shortly after Fort Sumter's crisis?

    <p>Called for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the insurrection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of soldiers surrendered by the Confederates at Vicksburg was nearly ________.

    <p>29,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Democratic Party became more divided between its Northern and Southern ________ due to tensions over slavery.

    <p>factions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the political parties with their associated platforms:

    <p>Know-Nothing Party = Focused on immigration issues Whig Party = Opposed anti-slavery expansion Republican Party = Opposed the expansion of slavery Democratic Party = Supported popular sovereignty on slavery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Congress reject related to Kansas in 1858?

    <p>The Lecompton Constitution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    James Buchanan was the first openly anti-slavery president of the United States.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was John C. Frémont known for in the context of the 1856 election?

    <p>He was the Republican nominee and known as the 'Pathfinder.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The election of 1856 foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful ________ party.

    <p>Republican</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who became president after the death of President Taylor in 1850?

    <p>Millard Fillmore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Compromise of 1850 increased the North's political power by admitting California as a slave state.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two major political parties involved in the controversy of slavery?

    <p>Democrats and Whigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Act of 1854 allowed settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide whether to allow slavery.

    <p>Kansas-Nebraska</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their contributions to the events of the time:

    <p>Stephen A. Douglas = Sponsor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act John Brown = Abolitionist who led violent actions in Kansas Millard Fillmore = Supported the Compromise of 1850 William H. Seward = Argued for a higher law than the Constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

    <p>It led to violent conflicts known as 'Bleeding Kansas.' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Compromise of 1850 included a provision for popular sovereignty.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the conflict between proslavery and antislavery forces in Kansas?

    <p>Bleeding Kansas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Slave Law was a controversial part of the Compromise of 1850.

    <p>Fugitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Whig Party focus on during the 1852 election?

    <p>Roads and harbors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Franklin Pierce was a candidate that both Northern and Southern Democrats could agree on.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened in the town of Lawrence in 1856?

    <p>Proslavery forces attacked and killed two people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 guarantee?

    <p>Equal accommodations in public places (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ territories were created through the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

    <p>Kansas and Nebraska</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two African Americans served in the U.S. Senate during Reconstruction?

    <p>Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following legislative actions with their implications:

    <p>Compromise of 1850 = Bought time for the Union Kansas-Nebraska Act = Reordained popular sovereignty Missouri Compromise = Prohibited slavery north of 36°30' Fugitive Slave Law = Required return of escaped slaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the three large issues dividing the North and South?

    <p>Moral attitudes about slavery, constitutional rights, economic differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Southern Republicans were often referred to as ______ and new Northern arrivals as ______.

    <p>scalawags, carpetbaggers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following states with the duration of Republican rule during Reconstruction:

    <p>Tennessee = 1 year Florida = 9 years South Carolina = Longest Republican rule Mississippi = 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the shift away from idealism during the Grant administration?

    <p>Rise of business interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of African American legislators during Reconstruction were formerly enslaved individuals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason African Americans sought to establish independent churches after the Civil War?

    <p>To achieve autonomy and self-determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many freedpeople migrated to ______ states in search of new opportunities after the Civil War.

    <p>frontier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable consequence of the poor enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

    <p>Continued racial discrimination in public accommodations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Republican Party had full control of state governments in the South after the Civil War.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the First Battle of Bull Run?

    <p>The Confederate forces won, causing a retreat of Union troops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the prominent motivations for Northerners moving to the South during the Reconstruction era?

    <p>Business investments, humanitarian goals, or plundering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    General McClellan led the Union forces into the Second Battle of Bull Run.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    African Americans established ______ such as Howard and Fisk during Reconstruction.

    <p>colleges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the political figures with their description:

    <p>Thaddeus Stevens = Reformer Roscoe Conkling = Political manipulator Jay Gould = Business financier Hiram Revels = Senator from Mississippi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who commanded the Confederate forces during the Peninsula Campaign?

    <p>Robert E. Lee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bloodiest single day of combat in the Civil War took place at __________.

    <p>Antietam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the Battle of Antietam?

    <p>It encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Monitor and the Merrimac marked a turning point in naval warfare by introducing ironclad ships.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy did the Union adopt to blockade Confederate ports?

    <p>The Anaconda Plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    General __________ replaced McClellan and led the Union army at Fredericksburg.

    <p>Ambrose Burnside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which battle is considered a draw but vital for the Union?

    <p>Battle of Antietam (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following battles with their outcomes:

    <p>First Battle of Bull Run = Confederate Victory Battle of Antietam = Stalemate Battle of Fredericksburg = Confederate Victory Battle of Shiloh = Union Victory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Union faced overwhelming successes in 1862 with no major losses.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Union's victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson accomplish?

    <p>Opened up the state of Mississippi to Union attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the Peninsular Campaign, General McClellan was replaced by General __________.

    <p>John Pope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant effect of the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac?

    <p>It changed naval warfare permanently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was General Lee hoping to achieve by leading his army into Maryland before the Battle of Antietam?

    <p>Convince Britain to recognize and support the Confederacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the Confiscation Acts?

    <p>To empower the Union army to seize enemy property (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Emancipation Proclamation immediately freed all enslaved people in the United States.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lincoln refer to as a 'military necessity'?

    <p>The decision to free enslaved persons in rebelling states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Act of March 1863 required men aged 20 to 45 to serve in the military.

    <p>Conscription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following battles or events with their outcomes related to the Civil War.

    <p>Battle of Antietam = Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Draft Riots in New York = Protests against the draft and violence against Black residents Ex Parte Milligan = Supreme Court ruling on military trials for civilians Confiscation Acts = Enabled Union army to seize enemy property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many African American soldiers served in the Union army and navy?

    <p>200,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus was well-received by all factions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the Emancipation Proclamation?

    <p>It enlarged the purpose of the war to include fighting against slavery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Republicans demanded immediate abolition of slavery.

    <p>Radical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the law passed in July 1862 accomplish?

    <p>Freed persons enslaved by individuals in rebellion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Civil War, there were few restrictions on the electoral process in the North.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment?

    <p>An all-Black Union regiment that fought bravely in the Civil War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation became effective on __________ 1, 1863.

    <p>January</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Confederacy = The states that seceded from the Union Union = The northern states that fought against secession Emancipation Proclamation = Declaration freeing enslaved persons in rebelling states Habeas Corpus = Legal right to be informed of charges when arrested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary scheme involved in the Whiskey Ring scandal?

    <p>Conspiring with the liquor industry to defraud the government (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    William Tweed was arrested due to his leadership in the Republican Party.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the presidential candidate chosen by reform-minded Republicans in the election of 1872?

    <p>Horace Greeley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The economic disaster that began Grant's second term is known as the __________.

    <p>Panic of 1873</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reforms did the Liberal Republicans NOT advocate for?

    <p>Funding for public education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of women in society decreased during the Civil War.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant movement followed the responsibilities women undertook during the Civil War?

    <p>Women’s Suffrage Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wyoming Territory became the first territory to grant women full __________ rights.

    <p>suffrage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major consequence of the Panic of 1873?

    <p>Diverted attention from Southern issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lincoln's last speech did not mention the vote for freedmen.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amendments did some suffragists oppose due to limiting voting rights to men?

    <p>14th and 15th Amendments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first time sex was mentioned in the Constitution was in the __________ Amendment.

    <p>15th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major achievement of the Republican legislators during Reconstruction?

    <p>Establishment of universal male suffrage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The assassination of Lincoln did not impact the Reconstruction process significantly.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group took control of Southern state governments after the decline of Radical Republicanism?

    <p>Redeemers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ku Klux Klan was formed to promote civil rights for African Americans.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Black Codes?

    <p>To restrict the rights and movements of African Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Act of 1872 removed restrictions on ex-Confederates, allowing them to participate in elections.

    <p>Amnesty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of the sharecropping system?

    <p>Landowners supplied seeds in exchange for part of the harvest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the ex-Confederate states qualified to re-enter the Union under Johnson’s Reconstruction plan.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded the Ku Klux Klan?

    <p>Nathaniel Bedford Forrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Force Acts were intended to give federal authorities the power to stop ______ violence.

    <p>Klan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amendment abolished slavery in the United States?

    <p>13th Amendment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sharecropping was a system that led to significant land ownership among African Americans.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the primary goals of the redeemers?

    <p>States' rights, reduced taxes, and White supremacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many Southern states adopted the Black Codes after the ______ ended.

    <p>Civil War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two Southern states remained under federal troop control after Reconstruction ended?

    <p>South Carolina and Louisiana (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Annexation of Texas

    The U.S. taking control of Texas, which angered Mexico and led to the Mexican-American War.

    Polk's Goal

    President Polk wanted to expand the U.S. to the Pacific Ocean and acquire California and New Mexico. He also wanted to settle the Texas border dispute.

    Slidell's Mission

    John Slidell was sent to Mexico to buy California and New Mexico and negotiate the Texas border. His mission failed.

    Disputed Border

    Mexico claimed the Texas border was at the Nueces River, while the U.S. claimed it was at the Rio Grande. This was a key cause of the war.

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    Taylor's Move

    General Taylor led the American army toward the Rio Grande, into territory claimed by Mexico, escalating tensions.

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    The Spark

    Mexican soldiers crossed the Rio Grande and attacked a U.S. patrol, killing 11. This incident sparked the war.

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    Bear Flag Republic

    A short-lived independent republic proclaimed in California, led by John C. Frémont, with a grizzly bear flag.

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    Turning Point

    The U.S. victory at Buena Vista and the capture of Mexico City by General Winfield Scott's army led to Mexico's defeat.

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    Gadsden Purchase

    A strip of land bought from Mexico in 1853 for $10 million, forming southern sections of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, important for railroad development.

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    Wilmot Proviso

    A proposal to ban slavery in any new territories acquired from Mexico, aimed at preventing the spread of slavery westward but sparking sectional tensions.

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    Free-Soil Movement

    A movement advocating for keeping the West free of slavery, both enslaved and free African Americans, to maintain opportunity for white settlers.

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    Free-Soil Party

    A political party formed in 1848 advocating for free land for white settlers, opposing slavery's westward expansion, and supporting internal improvements.

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    Squatter Sovereignty

    The idea that residents of a territory, not Congress, should decide whether or not to allow slavery within their territory through popular vote.

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    Compromise of 1850

    A set of laws aimed at resolving the issue of slavery in territories gained from Mexico, featuring the admission of California as a free state and popular sovereignty for Utah and New Mexico.

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    Fugitive Slave Law

    A law requiring the return of escaped slaves to their owners, adding fuel to the fire of sectional tensions.

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    Fire-eaters

    Southern extremists who advocated for secession from the Union because they felt their rights were being violated regarding slavery.

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    Missouri Compromise Line

    An imaginary line proposed to extend westward from the Missouri Compromise, suggesting a balance between states allowing and banning slavery.

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    Mexican Cession

    The territory ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 after the Mexican-American War, fueling the controversy over slavery.

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    Henry Clay

    A Kentucky Senator who played a key role in proposing the Compromise of 1850, aiming to appease both sides and prevent civil war.

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    Daniel Webster

    A Massachusetts Senator who advocated for compromise in order to save the Union, alienating abolitionists who supported his cause.

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    John C. Calhoun

    A South Carolina Senator who argued against compromise on slavery and demanded equal rights for the South in the acquired territories.

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    California Gold Rush

    The discovery of gold in California led to a massive influx of people, accelerating the need for government and creating pressure for statehood.

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    Higher Law

    The idea that there are moral principles above the Constitution, used by some to justify opposing pro-slavery compromises.

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    Popular Sovereignty

    Allowing residents of territories to decide whether slavery would be permitted, a controversial approach to resolving the slavery issue.

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    Election of 1852

    The Whig Party's decline was evident when their candidate, Winfield Scott, lost to Franklin Pierce, demonstrating the growing sectional divide and the dominance of the slavery issue.

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    Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

    Proposed by Stephen Douglas, this act repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed residents of Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty, leading to violence.

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    Bleeding Kansas

    Violence erupted in Kansas as pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers clashed over the future of slavery in the territory.

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    New England Emigrant Aid Company

    An organization that helped transport anti-slavery settlers to Kansas, fueling the conflict with pro-slavery forces.

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    Border Ruffians

    Pro-slavery Missourians who crossed into Kansas to influence elections and support the expansion of slavery.

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    John Brown

    A staunch abolitionist who took part in violent acts, including the Pottawatomie Creek massacre, in response to pro-slavery violence in Kansas.

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    Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

    A retaliatory attack by John Brown and his sons against pro-slavery settlers, killing five people and escalating the violence in Kansas.

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    Pierce Administration's Failure

    President Pierce's administration failed to maintain order and ensure fair elections in Kansas, further deepening sectional divisions.

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    Sectional Divisions

    The growing differences and antagonism between the North and South over slavery, fueled by political events and violence.

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    Moral Debate over Slavery

    The central issue that divided the North and South, with Northerners increasingly seeing slavery as morally wrong and Southerners defending it as a way of life vital to their economy.

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    Constitutional Rights of States

    The debate over states' rights, with Southern states arguing they had the right to protect slavery within their borders, a conflict with Northern views on national authority.

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    Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

    A treaty signed in 1848 that officially ended the Mexican-American War. It resulted in the United States gaining over 500,000 square miles of territory from Mexico, including California and New Mexico, in exchange for a payment of $15 million.

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    Manifest Destiny

    A widely held belief in the 19th century that the United States was destined to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean. It fueled territorial expansion, including the acquisition of land from Mexico.

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    Missouri Compromise

    An agreement passed in 1820 that divided the Louisiana Purchase territory into free and slave states. It temporarily resolved disputes over slavery.

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    Ostend Manifesto

    A secret document written in 1854 proposing the United States purchase Cuba from Spain. It aimed to expand slavery into the Caribbean and faced strong opposition from abolitionists.

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    William Walker

    A Southern adventurer who led expeditions to take control of territories in Central America. He aimed to establish pro-slavery regimes but ultimately failed.

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    Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

    A treaty signed in 1850 between the United States and Great Britain, agreeing to prevent either country from taking exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America.

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    How did the Mexican-American War increase tensions between the North and South?

    The issue of slavery in the newly acquired territories from Mexico intensified the debate about its expansion. Northerners saw the war as a Southern plot to extend slavery, while Southerners hoped to gain more land for plantations. This led to further conflict and division.

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    How did the Wilmot Proviso impact the sectional divide?

    The Wilmot Proviso, which aimed to prohibit slavery in conquered territories, ignited fierce debates and solidified the sectional divide. While it passed in the House dominated by Northern states, the Senate, with its greater Southern influence, defeated it.

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    What were the consequences of the Mexican Cession for the future of the U.S.?

    The Mexican Cession fueled the sectional debate over slavery, as the new lands presented opportunities for its expansion. This conflict contributed to growing tensions and ultimately led to the Civil War.

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    Why did the Southern expansionists want to acquire Cuba?

    Southern expansionists saw Cuba as a valuable acquisition due to its potential for expanding slavery and enriching the Southern economy. Its climate and fertile soil were well-suited for large plantations.

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    What was the role of the Ostend Manifesto in the debate over slavery?

    The Ostend Manifesto revealed the ambitions of Southern expansionists to acquire Cuba and expand slavery. Its leak sparked outrage and strengthened the anti-slavery movement, further contributing to sectional tensions.

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    How did Manifest Destiny impact the course of American history?

    Manifest Destiny, a belief in US expansion westward, drove territorial acquisitions, including the Mexican Cession. This expansion fueled conflicts over slavery and ultimately contributed to the Civil War.

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    What were the main ambitions of Southern expansionists?

    Southern expansionists sought to gain new territories suitable for the expansion of slavery. They aimed to acquire land in the Caribbean, Central America, and other regions where plantations could flourish, strengthening their economic and political power.

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    Dred Scott Decision

    A Supreme Court ruling that declared slaves were not citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories, effectively opening all territories to slavery.

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    Republican Party's Rise

    The Dred Scott ruling sparked outrage in the North, leading to increased support for the Republican Party, a new party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery.

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    Freeport Doctrine

    Douglas's response to Lincoln's challenge on popular sovereignty, arguing that local citizens could prevent slavery even if allowed by the Dred Scott decision.

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    Lincoln-Douglas Debates

    A series of public debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in Illinois, focusing on slavery and its expansion.

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    1860 Election

    This election marked a turning point in the slavery debate. Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won the presidency despite not being on the ballot in the South.

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    Southern Secession

    Southern states, fearing Lincoln's presidency would undermine their way of life, began seceding from the Union, leading to the Civil War.

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    Republican Platform (1860)

    The Republican Party advocated for a series of policies aimed at economic growth and preventing the expansion of slavery.

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    Constitutional Union Party

    A new political party formed as a last-ditch effort to maintain national unity, supporting the Constitution and preserving the Union.

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    Lincoln's Minority Presidency

    Lincoln won the election with a majority of electoral votes but a minority of the popular vote, highlighting the deep divisions within the country.

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    House Divided Speech

    Lincoln's famous speech warning that the nation could not endure indefinitely with half slave and half free states.

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    Impact of John Brown's Raid

    John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry heightened tensions over slavery, fueling fears in the South of a Northern abolitionist conspiracy.

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    Breakup of Democratic Party (1860)

    The Democratic Party fractured into two factions: Northern Democrats who supported popular sovereignty and Southern Democrats who wanted to protect slavery.

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    Southern Democratic Platform (1860)

    Southern Democrats called for the extension of slavery into territories and the annexation of Cuba, showcasing their stance on slavery.

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    Douglas's Loss of Ground

    Although Douglas won his Senate re-election, his stance on popular sovereignty alienated Southern Democrats, harming his national political standing.

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    Secession of the Deep South

    The seven states of the Deep South (South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) seceded from the Union in 1860-1861 after the election of Abraham Lincoln, fearing the loss of their right to own slaves.

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    Confederate States of America

    A nation formed by the seven seceding Southern states in 1861, with a constitution that limited the government's power to regulate slavery and impose tariffs, aiming for independence from the Union.

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    Civil War

    A bloody conflict between the Union (Northern states) and the Confederacy (Southern states) from 1861 to 1865, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands, and ultimately ending slavery in the United States.

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    Anaconda Plan

    A Union military strategy devised by General Winfield Scott, aiming to blockade Southern ports, take control of the Mississippi River, and eventually conquer Richmond, the Confederate capital.

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    Emancipation Proclamation

    President Lincoln's 1863 declaration that freed enslaved people in Confederate territories, a significant turning point in the Civil War.

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    Confederate Constitution

    The Confederacy's governing document, modeled after the U.S. Constitution but with significant differences, most notably limiting the government's power to regulate slavery and imposing tariffs.

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    Confederate Economic Challenges

    The Confederacy faced significant financial struggles during the war, relying heavily on loans, taxes, and printing money, causing severe inflation and a weak economy.

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    Union Economic Advantages

    The Union had a significant economic edge over the Confederacy, controlling most of the nation's capital, factories, railroads, and farmland.

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    First Years of the War

    The early years of the Civil War (1861-1862) saw intense fighting and mixed results for both sides, with the Union experiencing initial setbacks before gradually gaining momentum.

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    Military Differences Between Sides

    The Confederacy initially had an advantage with its defensive strategy, shorter supply lines, and experienced leadership. However, the Union ultimately triumphed due to its larger population, industrial power, and strong naval command.

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    Political Differences Between Sides

    The Confederacy sought independence from the Union while the Union fought to preserve its unity. The conflict was also characterized by debates over states' rights and the power of the federal government.

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    Impact of the Civil War

    The Civil War had profound and lasting impacts on American society, including the abolition of slavery, increased industrialization and modernization in the North, and the devastation of the South.

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    Second American Revolution

    Some historians refer to the Civil War as the Second American Revolution due to its profound and fundamental changes to the country's social, political, and economic landscape.

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    War of Attrition

    A prolonged war strategy in which the goal is to gradually wear down the enemy by inflicting heavy casualties and depleting resources.

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    Confederate Military Leadership

    The Confederacy had skilled military leaders such as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, who initially presented a strong challenge to the Union army.

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    Reconstruction

    The period after the Civil War (1865-1877) when the United States rebuilt the South and attempted to integrate African Americans into society.

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    Civil Rights Act of 1875

    This law attempted to guarantee equal rights for African Americans in public places, such as hotels and railroads.

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    Scalawags

    A term used by Democrats to denigrate Southern Whites who supported Reconstruction.

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    Carpetbaggers

    A term used by Democrats to denigrate Northerners who came to the South during Reconstruction.

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    African American Legislators

    African Americans elected to office during Reconstruction, often serving as representatives in state and federal legislatures.

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    Black Churches

    Independent African American churches established during Reconstruction, providing a space for worship and community.

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    Black Colleges

    Colleges established during Reconstruction to educate African Americans and prepare them for leadership roles.

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    The North During Reconstruction

    The Northern economy continued to thrive during Reconstruction, fueled by the Industrial Revolution and Republican policies.

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    Corruption

    Political and business corruption became rampant during the Grant administration, with schemes to enrich individuals at the public's expense.

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    Spoilsmen

    Politicians who used government jobs and favors to reward their supporters, often for personal gain.

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    Crédit Mobilier Scandal

    A major scandal involving the building of the transcontinental railroad, where insiders enriched themselves through illegal practices.

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    Gold Market Scheme

    A scheme orchestrated by Jay Gould and James Fisk to manipulate the gold market and make huge profits, involving President Grant's brother-in-law.

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    Rise of the Spoilsmen

    The shift in Republican leadership from reformers to political manipulators who focused on personal gain and political power.

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    Confiscation Acts

    Two laws passed by Congress during the Civil War that authorized the Union to seize enemy property, including enslaved people, and empowered the President to use freed enslaved people in the Union Army.

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    Contraband

    A term used during the Civil War to refer to enslaved people who escaped to Union lines seeking freedom. This term became a powerful symbol of the struggle against slavery.

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    Military Necessity

    The justification Lincoln used for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, arguing it was a military strategy to weaken the Confederacy by depriving them of their workforce.

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    Army of Freedom

    A term used to describe the African American soldiers who fought for the Union during the Civil War.

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    Habeas Corpus

    A legal principle that protects individuals from unlawful imprisonment by requiring the government to present a reason for detention.

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    Suspension of Habeas Corpus

    A temporary measure during times of war or emergency that allows the government to detain individuals without a formal legal process.

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    Ex Parte Milligan

    A Supreme Court case that ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians when civil courts were functioning.

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    Conscription Act

    A law passed during the Civil War that required all men aged 20-45 to serve in the military.

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    Draft Riots

    Violent protests that erupted in 1863 in response to the Union's Conscription Act, particularly among Irish and German immigrants.

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    Radical Republicans

    A faction of the Republican Party during Reconstruction who advocated for full civil rights for African Americans, including voting rights.

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    Reconstruction Amendments

    Three constitutional amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th) passed after the Civil War that abolished slavery, granted citizenship to African Americans, and prohibited states from denying voting rights based on race.

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    13th Amendment

    The constitutional amendment that abolished slavery throughout the United States.

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    14th Amendment

    The constitutional amendment that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteed equal protection under the law.

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    15th Amendment

    The constitutional amendment that prohibited states from denying voting rights based on race.

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    Turning Point of the Civil War

    The first week of July 1863 marked a crucial shift in the Civil War with Confederate defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, significantly impacting the Confederacy's ability to continue fighting.

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    Vicksburg's Significance

    The capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi by Union forces in July 1863 gave the Union control of the entire Mississippi River, effectively splitting the Confederacy and hindering its ability to move supplies and troops.

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    Whiskey Ring

    A scheme involving federal revenue agents and the liquor industry to defraud the government of taxes during Grant's presidency.

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    Gettysburg's Impact

    The Battle of Gettysburg, fought in July 1863, marked a turning point in the Eastern Theater. The decisive Union victory stopped Lee's advance northward and significantly crippled the Confederate army.

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    Grant's War of Attrition

    Union General Ulysses S. Grant, appointed commander of all Union armies in 1864, adopted a strategy of wearing down the Confederacy through continuous fighting and depleting their resources.

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    Boss Tweed

    The corrupt leader of the Democratic Party in New York City who stole millions from taxpayers through schemes.

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    Liberal Republicans

    A faction of Republicans in 1872 who broke from the party, advocating for reforms like civil service and an end to railroad subsidies.

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    Sherman's March to the Sea

    Under the direction of General William Tecumseh Sherman, Union troops marched through Georgia and South Carolina in 1864, destroying everything in their path to weaken the Confederacy's ability to continue the war.

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    Waving the Bloody Shirt

    A political tactic used by Grant's Republicans in the 1872 election, appealing to voters' emotions and memories of the Civil War to secure a victory.

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    Appomattox Court House

    The site of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865, officially marking the end of the Civil War.

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    Panic of 1873

    A severe economic depression that hit the North, leading to widespread unemployment and homelessness.

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    Lincoln's Unprecedented Actions

    In response to the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln took various actions surpassing the traditional presidential powers, including calling for volunteer troops, authorizing war spending, and suspending habeas corpus.

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    Reconstruction's Legacy

    The period after the Civil War aimed at rebuilding the South and integrating former slaves into society, with mixed results and lasting effects.

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    The End of Slavery

    The Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States, achieving a long-sought goal of the abolitionist movement.

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    Lincoln's Last Speech

    An address by Lincoln in 1865 advocating for Louisiana's readmission to the Union and hinting at potential voting rights for freedmen.

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    Lincoln's Hesitation on Slavery

    Despite his personal opposition to slavery, President Lincoln initially hesitated to take decisive action against it, considering factors like maintaining support in border states, facing constitutional challenges, and navigating Northern racial prejudices.

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    Republican Control of Southern Politics

    The period during Reconstruction when Republican politicians held power in Southern states, with both successes and failures.

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    Universal Male Suffrage

    The right to vote for all men, regardless of race, implemented in Southern states during Reconstruction.

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    What were the key strategies used by the Union to win the Civil War?

    The Union employed a combination of strategies to secure victory, including controlling key waterways like the Mississippi, utilizing a strategy of attrition to wear down Confederate forces, and employing tactics of total war like Sherman's March, aimed at breaking the Confederacy's will to fight.

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    Property Rights for Women

    Reconstruction era progress in Southern states granted women ownership and control over their property.

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    How did the Civil War affect the role of the federal government?

    The Civil War significantly strengthened the federal government's power and authority. President Lincoln's actions during the conflict and subsequent constitutional amendments expanded federal reach over states and citizens.

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    Debt Relief

    Economic policies implemented during Reconstruction designed to alleviate financial burdens on Southerners, with mixed results.

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    What were the main challenges faced by Lincoln in leading the Union to victory?

    Lincoln faced diverse challenges, including maintaining political unity within the Union, managing the war effort, balancing various opinions on slavery, and navigating the complexities of wartime leadership.

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    Internal Improvements

    Reconstruction era initiatives to build infrastructure like railroads and roads, aimed at boosting the South's economy.

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    Women's Changing Roles

    The significant impact of the Civil War on women's responsibilities and opportunities, leading to more active roles in society.

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    Women's Suffrage Movement

    The ongoing struggle for women's right to vote, propelled by their wartime contributions and fueled by opposition to the 14th and 15th Amendments.

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    First Battle of Bull Run

    The first major battle of the Civil War fought in July 1861 near Bull Run Creek in Virginia. Union troops were defeated when Confederate reinforcements under Stonewall Jackson counterattacked, ending the illusion of a quick war and promoting the myth of Confederate invincibility.

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    Peninsula Campaign

    A Union military campaign in early 1862 led by General McClellan, who insisted on training his troops before battle. Despite being delayed by McClellan, the campaign eventually invaded Virginia but was halted by Robert E. Lee's brilliant tactics, ultimately ending in a Union retreat.

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    Second Battle of Bull Run

    A major battle of the Civil War in August 1862, where Confederate General Lee defeated Union General Pope's forces near Bull Run, Virginia. Lee used a flank attack to send Pope's army back to Washington, D.C.

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    Antietam

    The bloodiest single-day battle in American history, fought in September 1862 at Antietam Creek in Maryland. It was a Union tactical victory but a strategic Confederate victory because they failed to get the recognition they needed from Europe.

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    Fredericksburg

    A disastrous Union defeat in December 1862, where General Burnside's army attacked Lee's forces in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Union suffered heavy losses, highlighting the dangers of reckless attacks and the deadly effectiveness of modern weapons.

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    Monitor vs. Merrimac

    A famous naval battle fought in March 1862, featuring the clash of two ironclad warships: the Confederate Merrimac and the Union Monitor. Though the battle ended in a draw, the Monitor prevented the Merrimac from breaking the Union naval blockade.

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    Grant in the West

    Ulysses S. Grant, a Union general, had a successful campaign in the West in early 1862. He captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee, opening up the state to Union attacks. Later he fought at Shiloh, Tennessee, where he suffered heavy losses but ultimately drove the Confederates back.

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    Union Triumphs, 1863-1865

    By 1863, the tide of war began to turn in favor of the Union. Despite Confederate successes like Lee's victory at Chancellorsville, Virginia, the Confederacy was weakening due to economic strain and desertions.

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    Confederate Economy

    The Confederacy's economy was in dire straits by 1863 due to the loss of slave labor and the increasing number of starving soldiers deserting.

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    Ironclad Ships

    War ships covered with metal plates, like the Merrimac and the Monitor. These ships marked a new era of naval warfare, replacing the wooden ships of the past.

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    Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

    These two forts were captured by Union troops under Ulysses S. Grant in early 1862, opening up Tennessee to Union advances and giving the Union control of the Cumberland River, a vital waterway.

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    Shiloh

    A major battle fought in April 1862 in Tennessee, where Confederate forces surprised Grant's Union army but were ultimately forced to retreat after heavy losses on both sides.

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    David Farragut

    A Union naval commander who led the capture of New Orleans in April 1862. This important victory gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, another key part of the Anaconda Plan.

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    Chancellorsville

    A Confederate victory in May 1863 in Virginia, where General Robert E. Lee outsmarted and defeated a larger Union army under General Hooker. This victory proved Lee's military brilliance and allowed the Confederacy to achieve a temporary defensive victory.

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    Lee's Military Brilliance

    General Robert E. Lee was a brilliant military strategist and tactician who proved difficult to defeat. His victories at Antietam, Chancellorsville, and many other battles, demonstrated his strategic thinking and tactical prowess.

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    Union Blockade

    The Union's naval blockade of Confederate ports was a central part of the Anaconda Plan. It aimed to cripple the Confederate economy by preventing the import of goods and the export of resources.

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    Confederate Desertions

    As the Confederacy faced mounting hardships, many soldiers began to desert their ranks. This was a significant factor in weakening their army and ultimately contributing to their defeat.

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    Impact of the War on the Confederate Economy

    The war had a devastating impact on the Confederacy's economy, leaving its people struggling. The loss of a large workforce due to conscription, coupled with the blockade, significantly weakened the Southern economy.

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    Reconstruction's Goal

    To rebuild the South after the Civil War and integrate formerly enslaved people into society.

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    Redeemers' Agenda

    Southern conservatives who sought to regain control of state governments, emphasizing limited government, reduced taxes, and white supremacy.

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    Ku Klux Klan's Tactics

    A white supremacist group that used violence and intimidation to prevent African Americans from exercising their rights, particularly voting.

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    Black Codes' Purpose

    Laws passed by Southern states intended to restrict the freedoms and rights of Black people and keep them in a subordinate position.

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    Contract Labor System

    A system where Black people were forced to work under white supervision for delayed wages, often resembling a form of forced labor.

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    13th Amendment's Loophole

    The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, but an exception allowed for forced labor as punishment for crime.

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    Sharecropping's Reality

    A system where landowners provided land and supplies in exchange for a share of the crops, trapping sharecroppers in debt and dependency.

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    Amnesty Act's Impact

    This law allowed former Confederate leaders to vote and regain political power, helping Democrats to regain control of Southern states.

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    Election of 1876's Significance

    The controversial election where the outcome was disputed in several Southern states, leading to a compromise and ending Reconstruction.

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    Grant's Second Term

    Marked a period of decline for Reconstruction and witnessed the rise of Southern conservatives who sought to reverse its policies.

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    Southern Governments After Reconstruction

    Marked by the rise of white supremacist ideologies, the curtailment of Black rights, and the reinstatement of Jim Crow laws.

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    Republicans' Disillusionment with Johnson

    Caused by the adoption of Black Codes, which contradicted the principles of equality and freedom envisioned by Republicans.

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    Sharecropping's Impact on African Americans

    Trapped them in a cycle of debt and dependency, limiting their economic and social opportunities.

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    Force Acts' Purpose

    Federal laws intended to protect Black citizens from violence and intimidation by groups like the Ku Klux Klan.

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    Reconstruction's Failure

    Failed to fully achieve its goals of racial equality and integration, leaving a lasting legacy of racial injustice in the South.

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    Caning of Sumner

    In 1856, Congressman Preston Brooks beat Senator Charles Sumner with a cane after Sumner criticized slavery in a speech. This event outraged the North and further divided the nation.

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    Birth of the Republican Party

    Founded in 1854, the Republican Party aimed to stop slavery from spreading into new territories, but not to end slavery completely. This party became a major force in Northern politics.

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    Lecompton Constitution

    A proslavery constitution for Kansas, rejected by Congress and Kansas settlers, highlighting the political conflict over slavery in the territories.

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    Dred Scott v. Sandford

    A Supreme Court ruling that declared enslaved people were not citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories, igniting outrage in the North.

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    Study Notes

    U.S. Annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War

    • U.S. annexation of Texas led to escalating tensions with Mexico, fueled by Mexican anger and President Polk's westward expansion ambitions.
    • Polk sent Slidell as special envoy to Mexico, aiming to purchase California and New Mexico and settle the border dispute. Slidell's mission failed.
    • Mexico insisted on the Nueces River as the Texas border, while the U.S. claimed the Rio Grande.
    • Polk ordered General Taylor's troops to the Rio Grande, crossing disputed territory.
    • A Mexican attack on an American patrol provided the immediate trigger for war, utilized by Polk to gain congressional support.
    • Northern Whigs opposed the war, questioning Polk's justification. Despite opposition, a congressional majority supported the war.

    Military Campaigns of the War

    • Small American armies fought primarily within Mexican territory.
    • General Kearney captured New Mexico and parts of southern California.
    • Frémont, supported by civilians and a small force, declared California an independent republic (the Bear Flag Republic).
    • Taylor's force defeated the Mexican army in Texas, crossed the Rio Grande, and won at Buena Vista.
    • General Scott led a larger force to central Mexico, capturing Veracruz and Mexico City.

    Consequences and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

    • The war was a military disaster for Mexico, resulting in the loss of northern territories.
    • The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) formally ended the war.
    • Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the Texas border.
    • The U.S. acquired California and New Mexico (Mexican Cession) for $15 million.

    The Wilmot Proviso and Slavery

    • The issue of slavery in the newly acquired territories intensified sectional tensions.
    • Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso, prohibiting slavery in territories acquired from Mexico.
    • The Wilmot Proviso passed the House but failed in the Senate.
    • The issue of slavery extension continued to be divisive and significantly contributed to later events leading to the Civil War.

    Southern Expansionism

    • Some Southerners sought more territory to expand slavery's reach, especially in Latin America (e.g. Cuba).
    • The Ostend Manifesto (a proposal to acquire Cuba) was leaked, sparking outrage and ultimately failing.
    • William Walker's expeditions to take control of Central American territories failed.

    The Issue of Territories

    • The status of slavery in the newly gained territories remained a significant sectional issue.
    • The Wilmot Proviso attempted to solve this issue, but it failed.

    Three Conflicting Positions on Slavery

    • Free-Soil movement: Northern Democrats and Whigs generally opposed slavery's expansion into new territories; they wanted the West for white settlers, free from competing slave labor. The Free-Soil Party was formed in 1848.
    • Southern positions: Southern plantation owners viewed attempts to restrict slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights; they viewed free-soilers and abolitionists as threats. Moderates attempted to extend the Missouri Compromise line but were divided.
    • Popular Sovereignty: This proposal, suggested by Lewis Cass, permitted settlers in territories to determine the issue through votes.

    The Compromise of 1850

    • Henry Clay proposed a series of compromises to attempt to resolve the sectional tensions.
    • Compromise included California's entrance as a free state, creation of Utah and New Mexico territories to decide on slavery via popular sovereignty, and resolving the Texas/New Mexico border dispute
    • The Compromise bought time but did not fully resolve the underlying conflict, with the Fugitive Slave Act leading to controversy.

    Rise of the Republican Party

    • The Whig Party dissolved.
    • Republicans were formed in 1854 as a response to the Kansas-Nebraska act.
    • The Republican Party's primary goal was to prevent the extension of slavery into the territories; it was a strictly Northern/sectional party.
    • The Kansas-Nebraska Act intensified conflicts over slavery, leading to "Bleeding Kansas".
    • The Caning of Senator Sumner highlighted the growing passions over slavery in Congress.

    Election of 1856

    • The Republicans ran their first presidential candidate, John C. Frémont, and made a significant showing, however, the Democrats won with James Buchanan who was a more moderate candidate.

    Constitutional Issues

    • The Supreme Court's Dred Scott v. Sandford decision further inflamed tensions. The ruling declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and declared that all territories were open to slavery.
    • This increased Northern suspicions of a conspiracy and induced many Democrats to vote Republican.
    • The Lincoln-Douglas debates further raised the national consciousness of the issues, with Lincoln gaining national attention as a strong Republican opponent.

    Election of 1860

    • The Democrats split over the issue of slavery, nominating both Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge.
    • The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln.
    • Lincoln's election without any Southern electoral votes led to the secession of Southern states from the Union.

    Secession of the Deep South and the Confederacy

    • Seven Southern states seceded, forming the Confederate States of America.
    • The Confederacy created its own constitution.
    • Lincoln was elected president, resulting in the secession of Southern states from the Union.

    The Civil War (1861-1865)

    • The war was the deadliest American conflict, with immense human cost.
    • The war fundamentally altered American society, accelerating industrialization, modernizing the North, and severely disrupting the South.

    Military and Economic Differences Between the Union and Confederacy

    • Union: Advantages in population, manufacturing, railroad networks, and finance.
    • Confederacy: Advantages in fighting a defensive war, strong military leadership in some areas, and high initial troop morale.

    Union Strategies and Early Battles

    • Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan (naval blockade, Mississippi control, large army) was the Union's primary strategy.
    • Early battles highlighted inexperienced Union troops, resulting in setbacks.
    • The First Battle of Bull Run demonstrated that the war would be more protracted than initially anticipated.
    • The Peninsula Campaign and the Second Battle of Bull Run highlighted delays and difficulties in the Union's approach in the East and Lee's brilliant tactics.

    The Turning Point of the War (1863)

    • The Union secured control of the Mississippi River at Vicksburg.
    • The Battle of Gettysburg heavily damaged Lee's army, ending his offensives
    • These turning points signaled a crucial shift in the war's momentum towards the Union.

    Grant's Campaign and Sherman's March

    • Lincoln appointed Grant as commander of all Union armies, initiating a war of attrition.
    • Grant's forces fought in the East, sustaining heavy casualties.
    • Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas was a critical tactic in damaging the Confederate economy and will to fight.

    End of the War and Surrender at Appomattox

    • The Confederate army was weakened by attrition.
    • Grant's campaign eventually surrounded, and forced Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House.
    • The Civil War brought about an end to slavery and a fundamental transformation of American society.

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    Test your knowledge on key events and figures from the Mexican-American War. This quiz covers President Polk's goals, major battles, and contributions from notable leaders. Ideal for students studying American history.

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