Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of radio-frequency spectroscopy of nuclei in a magnetic field?
What is the primary purpose of radio-frequency spectroscopy of nuclei in a magnetic field?
- To visualize the internal soft tissue of the body (correct)
- To measure the conductance of a solution
- To apply an electrical signal to an electrode
- To study the remnant of the big bang
What type of spectroscopy was used to discover the three-degree blackbody radiation?
What type of spectroscopy was used to discover the three-degree blackbody radiation?
- Conductometry
- Microwave spectroscopy (correct)
- Amperometry
- Potentiometry
Which of the following is a characteristic of potentiometry?
Which of the following is a characteristic of potentiometry?
- Applying an electrical signal while monitoring current
- Maintaining a constant potential while monitoring current
- Measuring electric potential while maintaining a constant current (correct)
- Applying a constant alternating-current potential while measuring conductance
Which of the following is a characteristic of amperometry?
Which of the following is a characteristic of amperometry?
What is the primary purpose of electroanalytical methods?
What is the primary purpose of electroanalytical methods?
What is the primary purpose of conductometry?
What is the primary purpose of conductometry?
What is the first step in the process of chemical analysis?
What is the first step in the process of chemical analysis?
What is the purpose of method modeling and plan in chemical analysis?
What is the purpose of method modeling and plan in chemical analysis?
What step is typically the most time-consuming in the implementation of an analytical method?
What step is typically the most time-consuming in the implementation of an analytical method?
What is the purpose of performing replicate measurements in chemical analysis?
What is the purpose of performing replicate measurements in chemical analysis?
What step involves comparing the analyte's signal to standards of known concentration and a calibration blank solution?
What step involves comparing the analyte's signal to standards of known concentration and a calibration blank solution?
What information must be presented in every analytical result?
What information must be presented in every analytical result?
What is the purpose of an atomizer in atomic absorption spectroscopy?
What is the purpose of an atomizer in atomic absorption spectroscopy?
Which type of lamp emits many narrow emission lines in atomic absorption spectroscopy?
Which type of lamp emits many narrow emission lines in atomic absorption spectroscopy?
What is the purpose of a monochromator in atomic absorption spectroscopy?
What is the purpose of a monochromator in atomic absorption spectroscopy?
In Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), where does atomization of the sample occur?
In Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), where does atomization of the sample occur?
What is the function of the graphite tube in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS)?
What is the function of the graphite tube in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS)?
What does the detector do in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy?
What does the detector do in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy?
What is the main purpose of the quadrupole mass analyzer described in the text?
What is the main purpose of the quadrupole mass analyzer described in the text?
What is the advantage of using a quadrupole as the first part of a tandem mass spectrometer?
What is the advantage of using a quadrupole as the first part of a tandem mass spectrometer?
What is the purpose of using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in a tandem mass spectrometer with a quadrupole?
What is the purpose of using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in a tandem mass spectrometer with a quadrupole?
How is an ion trap mass spectrometer different from a quadrupole mass spectrometer?
How is an ion trap mass spectrometer different from a quadrupole mass spectrometer?
What is the advantage of an ion trap mass spectrometer over a quadrupole for full scan mode?
What is the advantage of an ion trap mass spectrometer over a quadrupole for full scan mode?
What is the purpose of the second analyzer in a tandem mass spectrometer with a quadrupole?
What is the purpose of the second analyzer in a tandem mass spectrometer with a quadrupole?
What technique was popular in the 80's to early 90's for ionizing non-volatile compounds?
What technique was popular in the 80's to early 90's for ionizing non-volatile compounds?
What were the two most common matrices used in FAB?
What were the two most common matrices used in FAB?
What types of adducts could form with the analyte ions in FAB?
What types of adducts could form with the analyte ions in FAB?
What technique involved replacing the atom beam in FAB with a beam of ions, typically cesium ions?
What technique involved replacing the atom beam in FAB with a beam of ions, typically cesium ions?
What is the principle behind Electrospray Ionization (ESI)?
What is the principle behind Electrospray Ionization (ESI)?
What process occurs in ESI to eject the ions from the charged droplets?
What process occurs in ESI to eject the ions from the charged droplets?
Flashcards
What is the purpose of chemical analysis?
What is the purpose of chemical analysis?
The objective is to obtain useful information to address a problem or make a decision.
Describe the steps involved in chemical analysis.
Describe the steps involved in chemical analysis.
A process involving the collection, preparation, and analysis of a sample to measure the presence and quantity of a specific analyte.
What are the two main categories of chemical analysis methods?
What are the two main categories of chemical analysis methods?
Classical (wet chemical) methods rely on chemical reactions and separations, while instrumental methods use specialized equipment.
What is Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)?
What is Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)?
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What is the principle of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)?
What is the principle of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)?
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What is a Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL)?
What is a Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL)?
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What is Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)?
What is Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)?
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What is Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS)?
What is Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS)?
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What is the role of an atomizer in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)?
What is the role of an atomizer in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)?
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What is a monochromator?
What is a monochromator?
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What is a Mass Spectrometer?
What is a Mass Spectrometer?
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Explain the function of a Quadrupole Mass Analyzer.
Explain the function of a Quadrupole Mass Analyzer.
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Describe the function of an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer.
Describe the function of an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer.
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What is Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS)?
What is Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS)?
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What is Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM)?
What is Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM)?
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What are Electroanalytical Methods?
What are Electroanalytical Methods?
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What is Potentiometry?
What is Potentiometry?
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What is Amperometry?
What is Amperometry?
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What is Conductometry?
What is Conductometry?
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Explain Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) Ionization.
Explain Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) Ionization.
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What is Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)?
What is Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)?
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Describe Electrospray Ionization (ESI) in Mass Spectrometry.
Describe Electrospray Ionization (ESI) in Mass Spectrometry.
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What is Desolvation in Electrospray Ionization (ESI)?
What is Desolvation in Electrospray Ionization (ESI)?
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What is Mass Spectrometry (MS)?
What is Mass Spectrometry (MS)?
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What is Mass Analysis?
What is Mass Analysis?
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What is an Analyte?
What is an Analyte?
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What are Standards in Chemical Analysis?
What are Standards in Chemical Analysis?
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What is Accuracy?
What is Accuracy?
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What is Precision?
What is Precision?
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Study Notes
Methods of Chemical Analysis
- The objective of chemical analysis is to provide information to solve a problem or make a decision, whether using classical (wet chemical) or instrumental methods.
Steps of Chemical Analysis
- Define the problem, requiring understanding of analytical techniques, problem-solving skills, experience, and intuition.
- Model the method, including a specific statement of the problem, information about the sample and analyte.
- Obtain and store the sample.
- Prepare the sample, which usually requires the largest investment of time.
- Perform measurements, including replicates to establish precision.
- Compare results with standards, involving a proper comparison of the analyte's signal to that of appropriate standards.
- Refine data and perform statistical treatment, presenting the precision of the analytical method.
Radiation Sources
- Deuterium lamps (DL) and electrodeless discharge lamps (EDL) are popular radiation sources.
Atomizers
- Atomizers break analytes into free atoms to analyze elements for their atomic constituents.
- Flame atomizers and graphite tube atomizers are commonly used in atomic absorption spectroscopy.
- Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) involves nebulizing a solution of the sample into a flame.
- Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS) involves atomization in an open-ended graphite tube.
Monochromators
- A monochromator isolates a single resonance emission line from the hollow cathode lamp's many narrow emission lines.
- It collects light with many wavelengths and selects a narrow wavelength band.
Quadrupole Mass Analyzer
- A quadrupole mass analyzer uses a combination of radio-frequency (RF) and direct current (DC) voltages to select ions with a specific m/z or range of m/z.
- It is a low-resolution analyzer, often used in GC-MS and LC-MS applications.
- Quadrupole mass analyzers can be used in tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring (SRM).
Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer
- Ion trap mass spectrometers are a type of three-dimensional quadrupole that can store and manipulate ions.
- They are more sensitive than simple quadrupole mass analyzers and can acquire tandem mass spectra.
Electroanalytical Methods
- Electroanalytical methods measure electrical signals or properties of a solution.
- Techniques include potentiometry (measuring electric potential), amperometry (measuring electric current), and conductometry (measuring conductance).
Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
- FAB involves bombarding a sample with a beam of atoms, typically Ar or Xe, to ionize non-volatile compounds.
- The sample is mixed with a matrix, such as glycerol or 3-Nitrobenzoic acid, which allows the sample to refresh itself.
- SIMS replaces the atom beam with a beam of ions, typically cesium ions.
Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
- ESI creates an electrospray by applying a high voltage to a flow of liquid at atmospheric pressure, sometimes assisted by a concurrent flow of gas.
- The created spray is directed into the vacuum system of the mass spectrometer, where the droplets are de-solvated and ions are ejected and accelerated into the mass analyzer.
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Description
Learn about the steps involved in chemical analysis, from defining the problem to method modeling and planning. Understand the objectives behind performing chemical analysis using classical or instrumental methods.
