Methods for Determining Evaporation in Hydrology

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Why is the determination of evaporation important?

To plan and operate reservoirs and irrigation systems

What are some factors affecting the rate of evaporation in evaporimeters?

Humidity, wind movement, and air temperature

What is a Class A Evaporation Pan made of?

Galvanized iron sheet

Which method is NOT used to estimate evaporation?

<p>Solar radiation equations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of wooden platforms under evaporimeters?

<p>To allow air circulation below the pan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Monel metal used in evaporimeters?

<p>To prevent corrosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the maximum rate at which the ground can absorb water?

<p>Infiltration Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the volume of water that fills up all depressions when precipitation reaches the ground before overland flow occurs?

<p>Depression Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What device is used to measure the rate of infiltration in the ground?

<p>Infiltrometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect infiltration according to the text?

<p>Vegetation Cover</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of infiltration in the run-off process?

<p>Affecting the timing of run-off</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does interception refer to in the context provided?

<p>Evaporation of water caught by vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the excess precipitation moving over land surfaces?

<p>Surface runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flow moves laterally through upper soil crusts and returns to the surface at a different location?

<p>Interflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of runoff that percolates deeper into the soil and reaches groundwater storage?

<p>Baseflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flow includes surface runoff, prompt interflow, and precipitation on channel surfaces?

<p>Direct Runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification for an interflow with the least lag time?

<p>Prompt interflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is groundwater runoff different from interflow?

<p>Groundwater runoff percolates deeper into the soil and reaches groundwater storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for the mean barometric reading (pa) in Rohwer's formula?

<p>mm of mercury</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the water-budget method, what does the symbol 'TL' represent?

<p>Transpiration loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method for reducing evaporation losses involves applying a thin film on the water surface?

<p>Chemical films</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol 'u0' represent in Rohwer's formula?

<p>Mean wind velocity at ground level in km/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the water-budget method equation, what does the symbol 'ΔS' represent?

<p>Increase in lake storage in a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method for reducing evaporation losses involves using deeper reservoirs instead of wider ones?

<p>Reduction of surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for correcting evaporation observed from the pan using pan coefficients?

<p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended minimum network density for evaporation stations in arid zones?

<p>1 station for every 30,000 km²</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Meyer's formula for lake evaporation, what does the term $u_g$ represent?

<p>Monthly mean wind velocity in km/hr at about 9 m above the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of the coefficient $K_m$ in Meyer's formula for large, deep waters?

<p>0.36</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given network density recommendations for evaporation stations, which climatic region has the highest recommended density?

<p>Arid zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Meyer's formula, what does the term $(e_w - e_a)$ represent?

<p>The difference between saturated vapor pressure at the water surface temperature and the actual vapor pressure overlying the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

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