Class 7
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary concern in combining epistemology and ontology?

  • Developing a strict fact-value distinction
  • Achieving objectivity in social sciences
  • Addressing the difficulties of studying the human world (correct)
  • Balancing individual perspectives

    • What is a characteristic of methodological debates in sociology?

  • They focus solely on natural sciences
  • They are isolated from their historical context
  • They are primarily concerned with abstract questions
  • They are situated historically and influenced by their time (correct)

    • What is a key challenge in combining a normative, modernising approach with scientific truth claims?

  • Maintaining objectivity in social sciences
  • Achieving a strict fact-value distinction
  • Reconciling contradictory approaches (correct)
  • Balancing individual perspectives

    • What was the perceived benefit of sociology's scientific approach?

    <p>Freeing modern societies from theological/metasphysical foundations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of claiming a strict fact-value distinction in social sciences?

    <p>A covering up of the modernising agenda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two connected narratives that emerged in the self-understanding of modernity?

    <p>Modernising and Enlightenment narratives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption of scientism regarding human beings?

    <p>They are separate from reality and can observe it objectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with the reduction of experience to 'objective knowledge' in the sense of the scientific method?

    <p>It is ultimately untenable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metaphysics, theology, history, and religion in a comprehensive knowledge discourse?

    <p>They are included as they provide alternative perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of combining 'critique, rationalism, empiricism, the scientific method, and progress' in the Enlightenment thought?

    <p>A toxic social, political, and philosophical cocktail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of critical rationalism?

    <p>The application of reason to social, economic, and political issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Enlightenment's approach to the social sciences?

    <p>Fusing the founding concepts with the concept of progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the notion of 'social engineering' in the context of Enlightenment thought?

    <p>The use of scientific discourse to legitimate and shape social processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reducing human beings to mere 'brain' operations and cognitive processes?

    <p>The disappearance of human nature as a point of concern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with the Enlightenment view of human nature as an 'empty sheet of paper'?

    <p>It denies an essence to human nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between scientific discourse and social engineering in the context of the emerging social sciences?

    <p>Scientific discourse is a form of social engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the 'construction of science as a salvationist project'?

    <p>Science is seen as a form of Ersatz-religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problematic implication of the Enlightenment view of human nature?

    <p>It reinforces a nihilistic conception of the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sequence 'evolution-revolution-progress' is a direct representation of the Christian worldview of human history.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Critical rationalism focuses primarily on the critique of metaphysics and theology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scientism reduces human beings to mere cognitive processes and brain operations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fact-value distinction is a key assumption of critical rationalism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment view of human nature is that it is an empty slate, shaped entirely by external factors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human beings are outside of reality, according to scientism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fact-value distinction can ultimately operate in the sense of the scientific method.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Critical rationalism is uncritical of the status quo.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metaphysics, theology, history, and religion are not part of an encompassing knowledge discourse about reality, truth, or knowledge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment fused the founding concepts of the social sciences with the concept of progress.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combination of 'critique, rationalism, empiricism, the scientific method, and progress' in the Enlightenment thought is harmless.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methodological debates in sociology were not situated historically and did not take into account their own time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment approach to the social sciences was primarily focused on understanding human nature as complex and multifaceted.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Critical rationalism rejects the idea that knowledge can be constructed through objective, value-free methods.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fact-value distinction is a central tenet of critical rationalism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metaphysics and theology played a significant role in the development of modern sociology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reducing human experience to 'objective knowledge' is a hallmark of scientism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary flaw in the Enlightenment's assumption about human beings?

    <p>Human beings are presumed to be outside of reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of combining 'critique, rationalism, empiricism, the scientific method, and progress' in the Enlightenment thought?

    <p>A toxic social, political, and philosophical cocktail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of critical rationalism?

    <p>The application of reason to social, economic, and political issues with a concern for progress, emancipation, and improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with reducing human experience to 'objective knowledge'?

    <p>It is ultimately untenable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metaphysics, theology, history, and religion in a comprehensive knowledge discourse?

    <p>They are part of an encompassing knowledge discourse about reality, truth, or knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of the Enlightenment's approach to the social sciences?

    <p>The reduction of human beings to mere cognitive processes and brain operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sequence 'evolution-revolution-progress' relate to the Christian worldview of human history?

    <p>It is a secularized version of the Christian worldview, replacing St. Augustine's account with the idea of historic progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary critique of scientism regarding human beings?

    <p>It reduces human beings to mere brain operations and cognitive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central tenet of critical rationalism regarding the fact-value distinction?

    <p>It rejects the idea of a strict fact-value distinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with the Enlightenment view of human nature?

    <p>It views human nature as an empty sheet of paper, shaped entirely by external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do metaphysics and theology play in an encompassing knowledge discourse?

    <p>They are part of a comprehensive knowledge discourse about reality, truth, or knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying assumption of scientism that reduces human beings to mere cognitive processes and brain operations, and what are the implications of this reduction?

    <p>Scientism assumes that human beings can be understood solely through the lens of scientific inquiry, reducing human experience to 'objective knowledge'. This reduction implies that human beings are mere brain operations and cognitive processes, ignoring the complexities and multifaceted nature of human existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does critical rationalism approach the concept of metaphysics and theology in the context of knowledge discourse?

    <p>Critical rationalism is critical of metaphysics and theology, rejecting the idea that they can contribute to an encompassing knowledge discourse about reality, truth, or knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fact-value distinction, and what are the implications of claiming a strict fact-value distinction in the social sciences?

    <p>The fact-value distinction is the idea that scientific knowledge can be separated from normative values and judgments. Claiming a strict fact-value distinction in the social sciences implies that scientific knowledge can be objective and value-free, which can be problematic and misleading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with reducing human experience to 'objective knowledge' in the sense of the scientific method?

    <p>Reducing human experience to 'objective knowledge' ignores the complexities and multifaceted nature of human existence, failing to account for the role of values, norms, and subjective experiences in shaping human understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do metaphysics and theology play in the development of modern sociology, and what are the implications of excluding them from knowledge discourse?

    <p>Metaphysics and theology played a significant role in the development of modern sociology, but they were excluded from knowledge discourse in the pursuit of scientific objectivity. This exclusion implies that metaphysics and theology are not relevant to understanding human society and experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Enlightenment view of human nature relate to the concept of progress, and what are the implications of this view?

    <p>The Enlightenment view of human nature is that it is an empty slate, shaped entirely by external factors, and that human beings can be improved through progress. This view implies that human beings are malleable and can be shaped through scientific inquiry and social engineering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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